Enhanced IL-6 Antibodies

专利摘要:

公开号:ES2756275T9
申请号:ES15797538T
申请日:2015-11-06
公开日:2020-10-29
发明作者:Michael March Schmidt；Alison Tisdale；Eric Steven Furfine；Grigorios Zarbis-Papastoitsis
申请人:Sesen Bio Inc；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

[0001] Enhanced IL-6 Antibodies
[0002] Related requests
[0003] This application claims priority over US Provisional Application No. 62 / 077,105, filed November 7, 2014; US Provisional Application No. 62 / 087,448, filed December 4, 2014; and US Provisional Application No. 62 / 247,705, filed October 28, 2015.
[0004] Field of the invention
[0005] The field of the invention relates to IL-6. More particularly, the field relates to IL-6 modulators and their use in the treatment of diseases such as eye diseases.
[0006] Background
[0007] IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine with reported roles in inflammation, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, cell differentiation, and neuronal survival. The present invention relates to improved IL-6 antibodies and uses thereof. WO 2014/074905, WO 2007/076927, WO 2008/144763, Kalai (1997) Europ J Biochem 249, 690-700, Finch (2011) J Mol Biol 411, 791-807 and WO 2004/045507 disclose anti-IL-6 antibodies and their therapeutic use. US 6277375 B1, Rudikoff (1982), PNAS 79, 1979-1983, Winkler (2000), J Immunol 165, 4505-4514, Chien (1989) PNAS 86, 5532-5536 and Panka (1993) Mol Immunol 30, 1013-1020 disclose the generation and modification of antibodies.
[0008] Summary
[0009] The disclosure relates to anti-IL-6 antibodies and fragments (eg, antigen-binding fragments) or derivatives thereof, as well as nucleic acids encoding anti-IL-6 antibodies and fragments. The disclosure also relates to uses of such antibodies, fragments, or derivatives. Antibodies and fragments or derivatives thereof can be used, for example, in the treatment of IL-6 associated disease. In embodiments, the antibody, fragment, or derivative thereof can bind (eg, specifically bind) an IL-6, eg, human IL-6. In embodiments, the antibody, fragment, or derivative thereof can bind (eg, specifically bind) to site II of an IL-6 (eg, site II of human IL-6).
[0010] The present invention relates to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising SEQ ID NO: 37 and a light chain variable region comprising SEQ ID NO: 38. The present invention relates to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 41 and a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42. The present invention relates to a Fab comprising a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 39 or SEQ ID NO: 54 and a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42. The present invention relates to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 47 and a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42. In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof comprises a VH CDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, a VH CDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32, and a VH CDR3 which comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33.
[0011] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a heavy chain variable region sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 37. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a heavy chain variable region sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0012] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 41. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a heavy chain sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41.
[0013] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has increased affinity for human IL-6 and / or increased potency compared to EBI-029 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has increased affinity for human IL-6 and / or increased potency compared to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising a VH CDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO : 4, a VH CDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and optionally a VH CDR3 comprising the sequence SEQ ID ⁿ O: 6. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has increased affinity for human IL-6 and / or increased potency compared to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising a heavy chain variable region sequence comprising or consists of SEQ ID NO: 17. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has increased affinity for human IL-6 and / or increased potency compared to an antibody or fragment of antigen binding comprising SEQ ID NO: 24. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has increased affinity for human IL-6 and / or increased potency compared to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising a heavy chain sequence comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0015] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises EBI-030 or EBI-031 sequences as provided in Table 4. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises domains of EBI-030 or EBI- 031 as shown in figure 15 (for example, one or more of FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4, CH1, hinge, CH2 and CH3 of the heavy chain sequence and / or FR1, CDR1 , FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 and CK of the light chain sequence). In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a heavy chain and a light chain. In embodiments, the heavy and light chains are linked via one or more disulfide bonds. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a Fab. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an scFv. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is Fab, Fab ', F (ab') 2, scFv, or Fv fragment.
[0017] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has increased affinity for human IL-6 and / or increased potency compared to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment that comprises one or more corresponding EBI-029 sequences, or sequences of an antibody described in WO2014 / 074905. In embodiments, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment has increased affinity for human IL-6 and / or increased potency compared to tocilizumab.
[0019] Table 4: general summary of sequences of EBI-029, EBI-030 and EBI-031
[0022]
[0024] Increased affinity and / or increased potency can be assessed using the methods described herein and / or methods known in the art.
[0025] In embodiments, affinity is assessed using surface plasmon resonance (RPS).
[0026] In embodiments, the affinity is increased by at least 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, or 4 times.
[0027] In embodiments, the power is increased. In embodiments, potency is increased as indicated by a decrease in IC50 and / or a decrease in IC90. In embodiments, the IC50 is lowered by at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 times. In embodiments, the IC50 is lowered by at least about 50 times. In embodiments, the IC90 is decreased by at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 times. In embodiments, the IC90 is lowered by at least about 100 times.
[0028] In embodiments, potency is evaluated, for example, using a HEK-Blue ™ assay or a T1165 proliferation assay.
[0029] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits IL-6 cis signaling, for example, as assessed based on the IC50 or IC90 value obtained using a HEK-Blue ™ assay described herein, for example, with 20 pM free IL-6.
[0030] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has an IC50 of less than 47 pM and / or an IC90 of less than 4350 pM. In embodiments, the IC50 is less than 47 pM, eg, less than 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 pM. In embodiments, the IC90 is less than 4350 pM, for example, less than 4000, 2000, 1000, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 10, or 5 pM. In embodiments, IC50 and / or IC90 are evaluated in a HEK-Blue ™ assay with IL-620 pM.
[0031] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment blocks free IL-6 more potently compared to tocilizumab, for example, as evaluated based on IC50 values obtained using a HEK-Blue ™ assay with IL-620. p.m. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits IL-6 with more than 900-fold greater potency compared to tocilizumab. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is EBI-031 or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has an IC50 of less than 15 pM, for example, an IC50 of 14.2 pM, for the inhibition of IL-6.
[0032] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment blocks IL-6 trans signaling, eg, as assessed using a HEK-Blue ™ assay described herein, eg, with hyper IL-6200 pM . In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits hyper IL-6 signaling. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits hyper IL-6 signaling with greater potency than tocilizumab, eg, more than 900-fold greater potency compared to tocilizumab. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits hyper IL-6 signaling with an IC50 of less than 1 pM. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits hyper IL-6 signaling with an IC50 of less than 1 nM. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits hyper IL-6 signaling with an IC50 of less than 100 pM or less than 50 pM, eg, with an IC50 of about 14-15 pM. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is EBI-031 or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0033] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment inhibits the cis signaling of IL-6 and the trans signaling of IL-6.
[0034] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is effective in blocking IL-6 signaling in the eye for at least 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, or 6 months, for example, after intravitreal administration. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment blocks 95% of IL-6 signaling in the eye for at least 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, or 6 months, for example, after intravitreal administration. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment blocks 95% of IL-6 signaling in the eye for approximately 150 days.
[0035] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has increased affinity for human IL-6 relative to a control antibody, for example, relative to EBI-029 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has increased affinity for human IL-6 relative to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment that is otherwise identical except that it does not comprise said one or more amino acids selected from V28, P30, T51 and G55, and instead, comprise one or more amino acids (eg, 1, 2, 3 or 4) selected from A28, S30, I51 and S55. In embodiments, the affinity is increased by at least 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2, 3, or 4 times. In embodiments, affinity is assessed using surface plasmon resonance (RPS).
[0036] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has increased potency relative to a control antibody, eg, relative to EBI-029 or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has increased potency relative to an antibody or antigen-binding fragment that is otherwise identical except that said one or more amino acids selected from ^v 28, P30, T51, and G55 do not comprise , and instead, comprises one or more amino acids (eg, 1, 2, 3, or 4) selected from A28, S30, I51, and S55.
[0037] In embodiments, potency is increased as indicated by a decrease in IC50 and / or a decrease in IC90. In embodiments, the IC50 is lowered by at least 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 times. In embodiments, the IC50 is lowered by at least about 50 times. In embodiments, the IC90 is decreased by at least 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, or 500 times. In embodiments, the IC90 is lowered by at least about 100 times.
[0038] In embodiments, potency is evaluated using a HEK-Blue ™ assay or a T1165 proliferation assay. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has an IC50 of less than 47 pM and / or an IC90 of less than 4350 pM. In embodiments, the IC50 is less than 47 pM, eg, less than 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 4, 3, 2, or 1 pM. In embodiments, the IC90 is less than 4350 pM, for example, less than 4000, 2000, 1000, 100, 50, 40, 30, 20, 15, 10, or 5 pM. In embodiments, IC50 and / or IC90 are evaluated in a HEK-Blue ™ assay with IL-620 pM.
[0039] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises V28, P30, T51, and G55 and the antibody or antigen-binding fragment shows improved affinity for human IL-6 and / or improved potency compared to an antibody or fragment. of antigen binding which is otherwise identical except comprising A28, S30, I51 and S55.
[0040] In embodiments, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein further comprises a light chain variable region or an antigen-binding fragment thereof, comprising a VL CDR1, a VL CDR2, and a VL CDR3. VL.
[0041] In embodiments, the VL CDR1 comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, the VL CDR2 comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35, and the VL CDR3 comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36.
[0042] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment further comprises a chain variable region light sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 38. In embodiments, the sequence of the light chain variable region consists of SEQ ID NO: 38.
[0043] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment further comprises a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0044] In embodiments, the light chain sequence consists of SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0045] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises
[0046] (i) a VH CDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, a VH CDR2 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32 and a VH CDR3 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33 and
[0047] (ii) a VL CDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34, a VL CDR1 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35 and a VL CDR3 comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36.
[0048] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4 antibody or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an IgG1 or IgG2 antibody or a fragment thereof. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an IgG1 Fab or an IgG2 Fab. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an IgG2 antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0049] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is engineered to reduce or eliminate CCDA activity.
[0050] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized or human monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof.
[0051] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a heavy chain variable region comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 37 and a light chain variable region comprising or consisting of SEQ ID NO: 38.
[0052] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 41 and a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0053] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a heavy chain sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 41 and optionally a light chain sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0054] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 47 and a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0055] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a heavy chain sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO: 47 and a light chain sequence that is identical to SEQ ID NO: 42. In one embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a Fab.
[0056] In one embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an IgG1 Fab.
[0057] In one embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a Fab comprising a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 39 and a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42. In one embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a Fab comprising a heavy chain sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 39 and a light chain sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0058] In one embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an IgG2 Fab.
[0059] In one embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a Fab comprising a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 54 and a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42. In one embodiment, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a Fab comprising a heavy chain sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 54 and a light chain sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0060] In some embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can bind to at least one of R24, K27, Y31, D34, S118, or V121 of a human IL-6. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can bind to R24, K27, Y31, D34, S118, and V121 of a human IL-6. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can bind to at least 1, at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or at least 5 of R24, K27, Y31, D34, S118, and V121 of an IL-6 human.
[0061] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can bind (eg, can bind specifically) to site II of a human IL-6.
[0063] In embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof can bind an IL-6 with a Tm of 70 ° C or greater.
[0065] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof can bind an IL-6 with a Tm of 80 ° C or greater.
[0067] In embodiments, the antibody or fragment thereof (eg, an antigen-binding fragment thereof) binds to at least one of r24, K27, Y31, D34, S118, and V121 of a human IL-6.
[0069] In embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to at least two of R24, K27, Y31, D34, S118, and V121 of a human IL-6. In embodiments, the antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to at least three of R24, K27, Y31, D34, S118, and V121 of a human IL-6. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to at least four of R24, K27, Y31, D34, S118, and V121 of a human IL-6. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to at least five of R24, K27, Y31, D34, S118, and V121 of a human IL-6. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof binds to R24, K27, Y31, D34, S118, and V121 of a human IL-6.
[0071] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a monoclonal antibody or an antigen-binding fragment thereof. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a humanized monoclonal antibody. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is a human monoclonal antibody.
[0073] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment exhibits <10% aggregation at a concentration of 100-150 mg / ml, eg, at a concentration of about 142 mg / ml in PBS, pH 7.4. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has improved pharmacokinetic properties compared to another therapeutic agent, eg, compared to tocilizumab, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and / or Eylea®. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has improved retention in the eye when administered to the eye, eg, intravitreal, eg, intravitreal injection. In embodiments, improved retention in the eye is indicated by an increased half-life in the eye, eg, in the vitreous, retina, aqueous humor, choroid, and / or sclera.
[0075] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has a half-life in the vitreous of at least 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 days. . In embodiments, the half-life in the vitreous is at least 10 days. In embodiments, the half-life in the vitreous is evaluated in an animal, eg, in a rabbit or monkey. In embodiments, the half-life in the vitreous is evaluated in a human.
[0077] In embodiments, an antibody or binding fragment antigen described herein have a systemic half - life reduced (for example, a T ^1/2 P bottom) and / or a systemic clearance improved, for example, a systemic half - life reduced or faster systemic clearance compared to other therapeutic agents, eg, tocilizumab, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and / or aflibercept (Eylea®). In embodiments, the systemic half - life (for example, T ^1/2 P) is less than tocilizumab and / or aflibercept (Eylea®). In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises an Fc domain comprising a mutation (eg, 1,2, 3, or 4 mutations) at one or more positions corresponding to H311, D313, I254, or H436 (numbering as in SEQ ID NO: 41). In embodiments, the mutation is selected from one or more of H311A, H311E, H311N, D313T, I254A, I254R, and H436A. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises an Fc domain comprising a mutation corresponding to H311A (numbering as in SEQ ID NO: 41). In embodiments, the Fc domain is an IgG1 Fc domain. In embodiments, the Fc domain is an IgG2 Fc domain.
[0079] In embodiments, the Fc domain is a human IgG1 Fc domain having the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50 and optionally comprising a mutation at one or more of the underlined positions: (H90, D92, I33, and H215):
[0086] NO: 50).
[0088] In embodiments, the Fc domain of IgG1 comprises a mutation corresponding to one or more of H90A, H90E, H90N, D92T, I33A, I33R, and H215A (numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 50).
[0089] In embodiments, the Fc domain is a human IgG2 Fc domain that has the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51 and optionally comprises a mutation at one or more of the underlined positions (H86, D88, I29 and H211):
[0091] VECPPCPAPPVAGPSVFLFPPKPKDTLMISRTPEVTCVWDVSHEDPEVQFNWYV
[0096] (SEQ ID NO: 51).
[0098] In embodiments, the Fc domain of IgG2 comprises a mutation corresponding to one or more of H86A, H86E, H86N, D88T, I29A, I29R, and H211A (numbering according to SEQ ID NO: 51).
[0100] In embodiments, the mutation of Fc reduces systemic accumulation of the antibody or fragment antigen binding (for example, increases clearance or decreased half - life, for example, T ^1/2 p) of the antibody or fragment antigen binding. In embodiments, systemic accumulation is reduced compared to that of another therapeutic agent (eg, tocilizumab, bevacizumab, ranibizumab, and / or aflibercept). In embodiments, the systemic accumulation is reduced compared to that of tocilizumab and / or aflibercept. In embodiments, systemic accumulation is reduced compared to systemic accumulation of a corresponding antibody or antigen-binding fragment that does not comprise the mutation. In embodiments, systemic accumulation is assessed after intravitreal administration of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[0102] In another aspect, provided herein is a method of reducing the systemic effects of inhibiting an IL-6 in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject an antibody or fragment thereof comprising a mutated Fc domain such as described in this document. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment can inhibit an IL-6 activity and has reduced Fc activity (eg, reduced binding to FcRn) compared to a corresponding antibody or fragment thereof that has an Fc domain of natural type. In some instances, the method of reducing the systemic effects of inhibiting an IL-6 in a subject includes administering to the subject an IL-6 antagonist comprising a mutated Fc domain as described herein.
[0104] In a further aspect, provided herein is a nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding an antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein. In embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes an amino acid sequence disclosed herein. In aspects, the nucleic acid comprises SEQ ID NO: 40, SEQ ID NO: 43 or SEQ ID ⁿ O: 48. In embodiments, the nucleic acid encodes a sequence disclosed in Table 4.
[0106] Furthermore, a vector comprising the nucleic acid is provided herein. Furthermore, provided herein is a cell comprising the nucleic acid or the vector.
[0108] In embodiments, an IL-6 antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein is for use in treating a subject (eg, a human) with an IL-6 associated disease. In embodiments, the disease is an eye disease, eg, an eye disease characterized by an elevated level of IL-6, eg, in the vitreous.
[0110] In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is for use in treating a subject (eg, human) with diabetic macular edema (DME), diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, glaucoma, dry eye (eg, disease dry eye or dry eye syndrome), allergic conjunctivitis, eye pain, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), corneal transplant, corneal abrasion, or physical injury to the eye. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is for use in treating a subject (eg, a human) with EMD.
[0112] In aspects, an IL-6 antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein is for use in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of IL-6 associated disease. In embodiments, the disease is an eye disease, eg, an eye disease characterized by an elevated level of IL-6 in the vitreous. In embodiments, the IL-6 associated disease is diabetic macular edema (DME), diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, dry eye (eg, dry eye disease or dry eye syndrome), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), corneal transplant, corneal abrasion, or physical injury to the eye. In embodiments, the IL-6 associated disease is diabetic macular edema. In embodiments, the medicament is formulated for administration to the vitreous of the subject's eye (eg, for intravitreal injection).
[0113] In addition, provided herein is a composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein. In embodiments, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
[0114] In embodiments, the composition is for use in treating IL-6 associated disease. In embodiments, the disease is an eye disease, eg, an eye disease characterized by an elevated level of IL-6 in the vitreous. In embodiments, the composition is for use in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME), diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, dry eye (eg, dry eye disease or dry eye syndrome), age-related macular degeneration (AMD. ), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), corneal transplant, corneal abrasion, or physical injury to the eye.
[0115] In addition, a method of treating an IL-6 associated disease is provided herein, the method comprising administering to a subject a therapeutically effective amount of an IL-6 antibody or fragment described herein. In embodiments, the IL-6 associated disease is an eye disease, eg, an eye disease characterized by an elevated level of IL-6 in the vitreous. In embodiments, the IL-6 associated disease is diabetic macular edema (DME), diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, dry eye (eg, dry eye disease or dry eye syndrome), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), corneal transplant, corneal abrasion, or physical injury to the eye. In embodiments, the IL-6 associated disease is diabetic macular edema. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or the composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, is administered to the vitreous of the subject's eye (eg, by intravitreal injection). In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, or the composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, is for intravitreal injection.
[0116] In embodiments, the IL-6 associated disease is diabetic macular edema and the antibody or fragment, or the composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment, is administered to the vitreous of the subject's eye. Furthermore, provided herein is an antibody or fragment (eg, antigen-binding fragment) thereof (eg, an anti-IL-6 antibody or fragment thereof as described herein), or a composition comprising such an antibody or fragment thereof, for use in the treatment of an IL-6 associated disease (for example, for use in treating a subject, for example a human subject, who has a disease associated with IL-6).
[0117] In embodiments, said disease is an eye disease characterized by an elevated level of IL-6, eg, in the vitreous. In embodiments, said disease is diabetic macular edema (DME), diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, dry eye (eg, dry eye disorder or dry eye disease), allergic conjunctivitis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), proliferative diabetic retinopathy. (RDP), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), corneal transplant, corneal abrasion, or physical injury to the eye. In embodiments, said disease is EMD. In embodiments, said disease is dry eye disease. In embodiments, said disease is dry eye syndrome. In embodiments, said disease is uveitis. In embodiments, said disease is AMD. In embodiments, said disease is RDP. In embodiments, said disease is corneal transplantation, corneal abrasion, or physical injury to the eye. In embodiments, the antibody or fragment (eg, antigen-binding fragment) thereof is suitable for administration to the vitreous of the eye. In embodiments, the antibody or fragment (eg, the antigen-binding fragment) thereof is administered to the vitreous of the eye.
[0118] Furthermore, provided herein is a method of treating an IL-6 associated disease, the method comprising administering to a subject an antibody against IL-6 or fragment thereof (eg, an antigen-binding fragment thereof. ), for example, an antibody against IL-6 or fragment thereof as described herein. In embodiments, the IL-6 antibody or fragment thereof (eg, an antigen-binding fragment thereof), is administered in a therapeutically effective amount. In embodiments, the IL-6 associated disease is an eye disease characterized by an elevated level of IL-6 in the vitreous. In embodiments, the disease associated with IL-6 is diabetic macular edema (DME), diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, dry eye syndrome, dry eye disease, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), corneal transplant, corneal abrasion, or physical injury to the eye.
[0119] In embodiments, the antibody or fragment thereof (eg, the antigen-binding fragment thereof), is suitable for administration to the vitreous of the eye. In embodiments, the antibody or fragment thereof (eg, the antigen-binding fragment thereof), is administered to the vitreous of the subject's eye. In embodiments, the IL-6 associated disease is diabetic macular edema and the antibody or fragment thereof is administered to the vitreous of the subject's eye.
[0120] In addition, provided herein is a kit comprising an IL-6 antibody or composition disclosed herein and, optionally, instructions for its use.
[0121] In addition, provided herein is a container or device, for example, a drug delivery device, comprising an IL-6 antibody or composition disclosed herein. In embodiments, such a device is configured for administration of the antibody or composition to the eye, eg, the vitreous. Furthermore, a kit comprising such a container or device is provided herein.
[0122] As used herein, the term "antibody" is synonymous with immunoglobulin and will be understood as is commonly known in the art. The term antibody is not limited by any particular method of producing the antibody. For example, the term antibody includes, but is not limited to, recombinant antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, and polyclonal antibodies. As used herein, an antibody is a tetramer, and unless otherwise disclosed, each is composed of two identical pairs of polypeptide chains, each pair having a light chain and a heavy chain. The amino terminal end of each chain comprises a variable region of about 100 to 120 or more amino acids that plays a major role in antigen recognition. The carboxyl terminal portion of each chain comprises a constant region with a major role in the effector function of antibodies. The classes of human light chain are called kappa and lambda light chains. The heavy chain classes are mu, delta, gamma, alpha, or epsilon, and they define the isotype of an antibody. The antibody isotypes are IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE, respectively. Within the light and heavy chains, the variable and constant regions are joined by a "J" region of about 12 or more amino acids, the heavy chain also including a "D" region of about three or more amino acids.
[0123] The variable regions of each heavy / light chain pair (VH and VL), respectively, form the antigen-binding site. Accordingly, an intact IgG antibody, for example, has two binding sites. Except in bifunctional or bispecific antibodies, the two binding sites are the same.
[0124] The variable regions of the heavy and light chains of antibodies have the same general structure of relatively conserved framework regions (FR) linked by three regions of hypervariable, also called complementarity determining regions or CDRs. The term "variable" refers to the fact that certain portions of the variable domains differ widely in sequence between antibodies and are involved in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. The variability resides primarily in the CDRs, which are separated by the most highly conserved framework regions (FRs). The assignment of amino acids to each domain is carried out according to the definitions of Kabat Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest (National Institutes of Health, Betesda, Md. (1987 and 1991)), or Chothia and Lesk, J Mol Biol 196: 901-917 (1987); Chothia et al., Nature 342: 878-883 (1989), describing methods known in the art.
[0125] "Wild-type" can refer to the most prevalent allele or species found in a population or to the antibody obtained from an unhandled animal, compared to an allele or polymorphism, or a variant or derivative obtained by a form of manipulation, such as like mutagenesis, the use of recombinant methods, etc., to change an amino acid of the antigen-binding molecule.
[0126] The term "antibody fragment" refers to a portion of an intact or full-length antibody or chain, generally the variable or target-binding region. Examples of antibody fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab ', F (ab') 2, and Fv fragments. A "functional fragment" or "analog of an anti-IL-6 site II antibody" is a fragment that can prevent or substantially reduce the ability of IL-6 to bind to a receptor, reduce the ability of the IL-complex complex 6 / IL-6R to bind to gp130, or reduce the ability of the ligand to bind to gp130 or to initiate signaling. As used herein, "an antigen-binding fragment" or "functional fragment" is generally synonymous with "antibody fragment" and can refer to fragments, such as Fv, Fab, F (ab ') 2, et cetera, which can prevent or substantially reduce the ability of IL-6 to bind to a receptor, reduce the ability of the IL-6 / IL-6R complex to bind gp130, or to initiate signaling.
[0127] A "derivative" of an antibody is a polypeptide that includes at least one CDR of an antibody disclosed herein. Typically, the derivative can bind to site II of IL-6.
[0128] "Competing" means that a first antibody, or fragment thereof, can compete for binding with a second antibody or fragment thereof, such that the binding of the first antibody to its epitope is detectably decreased in the presence of the second antibody. compared to the binding of the first antibody in the absence of the second antibody. In some cases, the term can also refer to the binding of the second antibody to its epitope that is detectably decreased in the presence of the first antibody. The mechanism of such competition can be through, in non-limiting examples, steric hindrance, conformational change, binding to a common epitope.
[0129] The term "percent sequence identity" in the context of nucleic acid sequences means residues in two sequences that are the same when aligned to determine maximum match. The sequence identity comparison length can be above at least about nine nucleotides, for example, at least about 18 nucleotides, at least about 24 nucleotides, at least about 28 nucleotides, at least about 32 nucleotides, at least about 36 nucleotides, or at least about 48 or more nucleotides. Algorithms known in the art can be used to measure nucleotide sequence identity. For example, polynucleotide sequences can be compared using FASTA, Gap, or Bestfit (Wisconsin Package version 10.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, WI). FASTA includes, for example, the FASTA2 and FASTA3 programs, provides the alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of best match between the query and search sequences (Pearson, Methods Enzymol 183: 63-98 (1990); Pearson, Methods Mol Biol 132: 185-219 (2000); Pearson, Methods Enzymol 266: 227-258 (1996); Pearson, J Mol Biol 276: 71-84 (1998)). The default parameters for a particular program or algorithm are normally used. For example, the percentage of sequence identity between nucleic acid sequences can be determined using FASTA with its default parameters (a word size of 6 and the NOPAM factor for the scoring matrix) or using Gap with its default parameters such as they are provided in GCG version 6.1.
[0131] The term "percent sequence identity" in the context of amino acid sequences means residues in two sequences that are the same when aligned to determine maximum correspondence. The sequence identity comparison length can be above at least about five amino acid residues, for example, at least about 20 amino acid residues, at least about 30 amino acid residues, at least about 50 amino acid residues, at least about 100 amino acid residues, at least about 150 amino acid residues, or at least about 200 or more amino acid residues. Sequence identity for polypeptides is typically measured using sequence analysis software. Algorithms for determining percent sequence identity are well known in the art. For example, amino acid sequences can be compared using FASTA, Gap, or Bestfit (Wisconsin Package version 10.0, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), Madison, WI). Protein analysis software matches sequences using similarity measurements mapped to various substitutions, deletions, and other modifications, including conservative amino acid substitutions. For example, GCG contains programs such as "Gap" and "Bestfit", which can be used with the default parameters as specified in the programs to determine sequence homology or sequence identity between highly related polypeptides, such as homologous polypeptides. from different species of organisms or between a wild-type protein and an analog thereof. See, for example, GCG version 6.1 (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI). Polypeptide sequences can also be compared using FASTA, using the default or recommended parameters, see GCG version 6.1. FASTA (e.g., FASTA2 and FASTA3) provides the alignments and percent sequence identity of the regions of best match between the query and search sequences (Pearson, Methods Enzymol 183: 63-98 (1990); Pearson, Methods Mol Biol 132: 185-219 (2000)). Another algorithm that can be used when comparing a sequence to a database containing a large number of sequences from different organisms is the BLAST computer program, for example blastp or tblastn, using the default parameters as provided with the programs. . See, for example, Altschul et al., J Mol Biol 215: 403-410 (1990); Altschul et al., Nucleic Acid Res 25: 3389-402 (1997).
[0132] A protein or polypeptide is "substantially pure," "substantially homogeneous," or "substantially purified" when at least about 60 to 75% of a sample exhibits a single species of polypeptide. The polypeptide or protein can be monomeric or multimeric. A substantially pure protein or polypeptide can comprise about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% pure; for example, a substantially pure protein or polypeptide is 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99% pure. The purity or homogeneity of proteins can be assessed by any appropriate means, such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of a protein sample followed by visualization of one or more bands associated with the protein or polypeptide (e.g., after gel staining ), Size exclusion HPLC, cation exchange HPLC, SDS reduced capillary electrophoresis, peptide mapping or glycan mapping. Higher resolution can be achieved using methods known in the art, for example, or other means of purification.
[0134] The term "substantial similarity" when referring to a nucleic acid or fragment thereof means that when it is optimally aligned with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions with another nucleic acid (or its complementary strand), there is sequence identity of nucleotides in at least about 85%, at least about 90%, and at least about 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% of the nucleotide bases, for example, 85 %, 90%, 95%, 96%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity as measured by any known sequence identity algorithm, such as FASTA, BLAST, or Gap.
[0136] As applied to polypeptides, the term "substantial identity" or "substantial similarity" means that two amino acid sequences, when optimally aligned, such as by the GAP or BESTFIT programs using the default gap values such as supplied with the programs, share at least about 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity of sequence; for example, 70%, 75%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% sequence identity. In certain embodiments, residue positions that are not identical differ by conservative amino acid substitutions.
[0137] "Therapeutically effective amount" refers to the amount of a therapeutic agent to be administered that will ameliorate at least one sign or symptom of a disease to be treated or enhance or enhance the prophylactic effect (s) and / or or therapeutic (s) of another therapy (eg, another therapeutic agent) useful for treating IL-6 associated disease. It is understood that the therapeutically effective amount can be administered in multiple doses over a limited amount of time or as a chronic treatment.
[0138] "Treat", "treating" and "treatment" refer to a method of ameliorating one or more signs or symptoms of a disease.
[0139] As used herein, the term "disease" includes diseases and disorders.
[0140] Additional features and advantages of the invention are more particularly described below.
[0141] Brief description of the drawings
[0142] Figure 1 is a graph illustrating the results of an experiment in which an anti-IL-6 antibody was administered IVT in a rat CNV model. Anti-VEGF antibody was administered as a positive control and the negative control was vehicle alone. p = 0.0054 on day 15 and p = 0.0005 on day 22 for anti-IL-6 versus vehicle control.
[0143] Figure 2 is a graph illustrating the results of a binding experiment that tests the ability of the murine 64 antibody to inhibit the binding of IL-6 / IL-6R to gp130.
[0144] Figure 3A is graph illustrating an experiment in which 020 was tested for the ability to block IL-6 signaling in the absence of excess soluble IL-6Ra. The experiments were performed in HEK-Blue-IL-6 cells with IL-60.2 ng / ml and IL6Ra 2 pg / ml.
[0145] Figure 3B is a graph illustrating an experiment in which 020 was tested for the ability to block IL-6 signaling in the presence of excess soluble IL-6Ra. The experiments were performed in HEK-Blue-IL-6 cells with IL-60.2 ng / ml and IL6Ra 2 pg / ml.
[0146] Figure 4 is a graph illustrating the results of an experiment in which an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody ("IL-6 blocking") was administered IVT in a mouse CNV model. Controls were no treatment (contralateral eye), intravitreal injection of an anti-VEGF antibody ("VEGF blocking") or intravitreal injection of an anti-HRP isotype control antibody ("control antibody").
[0147] Figure 5 shows the binding to IL-6, relative to the wild type antibody (EBI-029), in antibodies having the following mutations (1) I51T / S55G, (2) A28V / I51T / S55G, (3 ) S30P / I51T / S55G and (4) A28V / S30P / I51T / S55G (also called EBI-030).
[0148] Figure 6 shows fractional signaling in IL6 HEK-Blue ™ reporter cells treated with IL-6 and one of the following Fabs: (1) WT (EBI-029), (2) A28V / I51T / S55G, (3) S30P / I51T / S55G, (4) A28V / S30P / I51T / S55G (EBI-030).
[0149] Figure 7 shows luminescence (a measure of IL-6-induced proliferation) in T1165.85.2.1 cells treated with IL-6 and one of the following Fabs at the concentration shown: (1) WT (EBI-029) , (2) A28V / I51T / S55G, (3) S30P / I51T / S55G, (4) A28V / S30P / I51T / S55G (EBI-030).
[0150] Figure 8 shows fractional signaling in IL6 HEK-Blue ™ reporter cells treated with IL-6 20 pM and various concentrations of (1) EBI-029 IgG2 (EBI029) produced in HEK-6E cells, (2) EBI IgG2. -030 (EBI030) produced in HEK-6E cells and (3) IgG2-H311A from EBI-030 (EBI-030 H311A) produced in HEK-6 ^e cells; (4) tocilizumab (TOCI) and (5) IgG2 of ^e B ⁱ -030 produced in a stable pool of CHO (EBI-030 CHO).
[0151] Figure 9 represents the pharmacokinetic model described in Example 20.
[0152] Figure 10 depicts the effect of increased antibody potency on the duration of IL-6 inhibition in the eye, as simulated using the pharmacokinetic model described in Example 20.
[0153] Figure 11 shows the drug concentration of EBI-029, EBI-029-H311A, EBI-030, EBI-030-H311A, Eylea® and tocilizumab (TCZ) in the vitreous over time after intravitreal administration.
[0154] Figure 12 shows the drug concentration of EBI-029, EBI-030, EBI-030-H311A, Eylea® and tocilizumab (TCZ) in the retina over time after intravitreal administration.
[0155] Figure 13 shows the drug concentration of EBI-029, EBI-030, EBI-030-H311A, Eylea®, and tocilizumab (TCZ) in aqueous humor over time after intravitreal administration.
[0156] Figure 14 shows the drug concentration of EBI-029, EBI-030, EBI-030-H311A, Eylea®, and tocilizumab (TCZ) in the choroid over time after intravitreal administration.
[0157] Figure 15A depicts the locations of FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4, CH1, hinge, CH2, and CH3 in the heavy chain sequences of EBI-029 (SEQ ID NO: 11), EBI-030 ( SEQ ID NO: 41) and EBI-031 (EBI-031 is also referred to herein as EBI-030-H311A) (SEQ ID NO: 47).
[0158] Figure 15B represents the locations of FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4, and CK in the light chain sequence (and Bi-029, EBI-030 and EBI-031 have the same light chain sequence) ( s Eq ID NO: 12).
[0159] Figure 16A shows fractional signaling in IL-6 HEK-Blue ™ reporter cells treated with IL-620 pM and various concentrations of EBI-031 or tocilizumab.
[0160] Figure 16B shows fractional signaling in IL-6 HEK-Blue ™ reporter cells treated with 200 pM hyper IL-6 and various concentrations of EBI-031 or tocilizumab.
[0161] Figure 17 shows the results of the computational simulations described in Example 24.
[0162] Figure 18 shows a schematic diagram of the three different structural isoforms of IgG2 antibodies due to disulfide exchange.
[0163] Figure 19 shows RP-HPLC chromatograms of EBI-031 samples: untreated (upper panel), 5 mM DTT (middle panel), 10 mM cysteine (lower panel).
[0164] Figure 20 shows RP-HPLC chromatograms of EBI-031 samples collected from different EBI-031 cell lines: a 200 µl scale culture of a clonal cell line (upper panel), a 10 µl scale culture from of a parental cell line (middle panel) and a stably transfected pool of cells (lower panel).
[0165] Figure 21 shows the RP-HPLC chromatogram of EBI-031 collected from a 200 µl scale culture of a clonal cell line, and designates and quantifies which isoforms are represented by each peak in the chromatogram.
[0166] Figure 22A is a graph showing the pharmacokinetic data of an African green monkey (K797), as described in Example 26.
[0167] Figure 22B is a graph showing the pharmacokinetic data of an African green monkey (K679), as described in Example 26.
[0168] Figure 23 is a graph showing pharmacokinetic data for both African green monkeys (K797 or K679) and fit curves.
[0169] Figure 24A shows the drug concentration of EBI-031 in the vitreous humor over time after intravitreal administration.
[0170] Figure 24B shows the drug concentration of EBI-031 in aqueous humor over time after intravitreal administration.
[0171] Figure 24C shows the drug concentration of EBI-031 in the choroid over time after intravitreal administration.
[0172] Figure 24D shows the drug concentration of EBI-031 in the conjunctiva over time after intravitreal administration.
[0173] Figure 24E shows the drug concentration of EBI-031 in the cornea over time after intravitreal administration.
[0174] Figure 24F shows the drug concentration of EBI-031 in the ciliary body of the iris over time after intravitreal administration.
[0175] Figure 24G shows the drug concentration of EBI-031 in the lens over time after intravitreal administration.
[0176] Figure 24H shows the drug concentration of EBI-031 in the retina over time after intravitreal administration.
[0177] Figure 24I shows the drug concentration of EBI-031 in the sclera over time after intravitreal administration.
[0178] Detailed description
[0179] IL-6 has been implicated to play a role in various diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, and has been reported to be significantly upregulated in various diseases, including eye diseases. IL-6 can act through both cis and trans mechanisms. In the cis mechanism, free IL-6 is believed to bind to the membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (IL-6R is also called IL-6Ra and CD126), and then the IL-6 / IL-6R complex interacts with gp130 (also called CD130, oncostatin M receptor, IL-6R beta, and IL-6 signal transducer), to activate signaling in the cell containing the complex. In the trans mechanism, free IL-6 binds to the soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). The IL-6 / sIL-6R complex can then bind to gp130 present on a cell membrane. A key difference between these mechanisms is that more cell types express gp130 than do IL-6R, the expression of which is more limited. Thus, in diseases for which it is desirable to inhibit IL-6 signaling, for example, those in which it is desirable to broadly inhibit IL-6 signaling, it is useful to inhibit both cis and signaling. trans of IL-6. Applicants have engineered IL-6 antagonists, eg, anti-IL-6 antibodies, fragments and derivatives that can inhibit both cis and trans signaling by IL-6. Furthermore, Applicants have engineered such IL-6 antagonists to achieve faster systemic clearance. Antagonists of IL-6, eg antibodies against IL-6 and fragments or derivatives thereof, are described in WO2014 / 074905. The present invention relates to improved IL-6 antibodies and uses thereof.
[0180] As used herein, terms in the singular, including, but not limited to "a", "an" or "the", "the" include the plural, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0181] Characteristics of IL-6 (IL-6a) antagonists
[0182] In general, an IL-6 (IL-6a) antagonist described herein specifically binds to site II (site 2) of an IL-6 and is useful for the treatment of an IL-6 associated eye disease and certain other diseases. An IL-6 associated eye disease is one in which an undesirable symptom or biological activity of the disease is associated with the expression or presence of IL-6. In some embodiments IL-6a has high affinity for both free and bound IL-6, is relatively stable in an organism, can inhibit the gp130 binding of an IL-6R-bound IL-6 (referred to herein as an IL-6 / IL-6R or IL-6 / IL-6R complex), and may have a therapeutic effect. In general, IL-6a is an antibody or is derived from an antibody. For example, an IL-6a is a high affinity humanized Fab that can specifically bind to site II of an IL-6 and potently blocks both the cis and trans signaling of IL-6. In another example, IL-6a is a full-length antibody, eg, an IgG1 or IgG2 antibody.
[0183] In some embodiments, the Fab is also configured as an engineered Fc sequence or is on a full-length antibody. In some embodiments, the engineered Fc IL-6a (eg, the engineered Fc Fab) has faster systemic clearance compared to an appropriate control, eg, compared to the antibody, fragment, or derivative. of the same corresponding one that does not have the Fc modified by engineering. These and other characteristics of an IL-6a are further described herein.
[0184] Applicants have designed IL-6 antagonists that selectively bind to IL-6 site II to provide broad inhibition of IL-6 signaling as such molecules can inhibit the binding of gp130 to IL-6, without matter whether IL-6 is free or bound to membrane IL-6R or sIL-6R. Furthermore, by targeting the ligand (IL-6) instead of the IL-6 receptor, receptor-mediated clearance and toxicity due to CCDA (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity) can be avoided. Because IL-6 plays both pathological and protective roles in disease, the use of an IL-6 antagonist (IL-6a) to treat a disease associated with increased IL-6 can improve certain aspects of a condition, but it can also cause significant adverse effects, eg systemic effects. This duality of IL-6 pathways (ie, the ability to have desirable and undesirable effects) may make it undesirable to treat an IL-6 associated disorder with a systemic inhibitor. Accordingly, the compositions and methods provided herein may be useful for treatments that inhibit at least one IL-6 activity, but do not have an undue effect on positive IL-6 activities, in part because the compositions they can be formulated for local administration, eg for local administration to the eye. For example, in certain aspects, IL-6a is designed to be of a suitable size for delivery to a particular site. In some embodiments, IL-6a is a full-length antibody. In some embodiments, IL-6a is derived from an antibody and is in a format that cannot have any longer residence in the vitreous of the eye or limited systemic effusion. In some embodiments, IL-6a is a modified antibody (eg, an antibody with a modified Fc domain) that has a longer residence in the vitreous of the eye and / or more limited systemic effusion in comparison with a corresponding unmodified antibody. In some embodiments, IL-6a is an IgG2 antibody.
[0185] In some aspects, IL-6a is a relatively small IL-6a such as a fragment of an antibody or another derivative of an antibody that is less than a full-length antibody, for example, a Fab that is derived from an antibody against IL-6. In some cases, an IL-6a is in a format that can pass from one part of a tissue to another with increased kinetics compared to a corresponding full-length antibody against IL-6. In some embodiments, IL-6a is a Fab that has been engineered to be a larger molecule, which is more likely to have increased residence at the location to which it was administered compared to Fab alone, for example , IL-6a is dimerized through the Fc domain. In certain embodiments, the Fc domain has been engineered such that an Fc residue has binding to ablated or reduced FcRn that can reduce systemic accumulation compared to the same IL-6 binding entity that includes an Fc of type natural. The engineered Fc domain can be, for example, an IgG1 domain or an IgG2 domain.
[0186] Typically, the IL-6 antagonists described herein have a high enough affinity for their target, IL-6, to be effective in ameliorating at least one undesirable effect of IL-6 and are stable enough to be useful as therapeutic agent.
[0187] In general, the PK of an IL-6a, eg, an IL-6a suitable for use in the eye, has a sufficiently long half-life at the site of administration, eg, the vitreous, to provide a therapeutic effect. In non-limiting examples, PK can be a half-life of at least 8 days, 10 days, 14 days, 21 days, 28 days, or 30 days.
[0188] Identification of IL-6 antagonists that bind to site II
[0189] In general, any method known in the art can be used to generate a molecule that can bind an IL-6, for example, polypeptide libraries or molecular libraries can be screened for candidate compounds in an assay to determine the ability of a polypeptide or compound to bind IL-6. Once such a candidate compound is identified, the compound's binding site can be determined using methods known in the art. For example, a molecule can be tested for ability to bind wild-type IL-6 and binding compared to the ability of the compound to bind to a mutated IL-6 at site I, site II, or site III. . In embodiments, an IL-6a as described herein retains the ability to bind an IL-6 / IL-6Ra complex and IL-6, and prevents the binding of IL-6 / IL-6Ra to gp130. In embodiments, an IL-6a as described herein can compete with gp130 for binding to the IL-6 / IL-6Ra complex, for example, for binding to IL-6 site II. Such binding activities can be evaluated using methods known in the art.
[0190] Candidate IL-6a can be tested, for example, using an IL-6 HEK-Blue ™ Assay System (InvivoGen, San Diego). IL-6 HEK-Blue ™ cells are HEK293 cells that are stably transfected with human IL-6R and a STAT3-inducible SEAP reporter gene. In the presence of IL-6, STAT3 is activated and SEAP is secreted. SEAp is evaluated using, for example, QUANTI-Blue ™ (InvivoGen, San Diego). The addition of an IL-6 antagonist to cells prevents secretion or decreases the level of SEAP as a result of inhibition of both free and soluble receptor bound IL-6.
[0191] KD refers to the binding affinity equilibrium constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction or antibody fragment-antigen interaction. In embodiments, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment described herein binds to an antigen (eg, IL-6) with a K ^d that is less than or equal to 250 pM, eg, less than or equal to at 225 pM, 220 pM, 210 pM, 205 pM, 150 pM, 100 pM, 50 pM, 20 pM, 10 pM or 1 pM. K ^d can be determined using methods known in the art, eg, using surface plasmon resonance, eg, using the BiaCore ™ system.
[0192] Koff refers to the dissociation rate constant of a particular antibody-antigen interaction or antibody fragment-antigen complex. The dissociation rate constant can be determined using surface plasmon resonance, eg, using the BiaCore ™ System. A relatively low Koff can contribute to desirable characteristics of a therapeutic agent, for example, by allowing less frequent administration of the inhibitor to a subject in need of such treatment.
[0193] Specificity
[0194] In some embodiments, an IL-6a described herein specifically binds to a target, eg, an IL-6. In general, "specific binding" as used herein indicates that a molecule preferentially binds to a selected molecule and exhibits much lower binding affinity for one or more other molecules. In embodiments, the binding affinity for another molecule is 1, 2, 3, or more orders of magnitude less than the binding affinity for the target.
[0195] As discussed above, IL-6 can be present as free IL-6 and as IL-6 bound to soluble IL-6Ra. Applicants have identified IL-6 site II as an optimal target for an IL-6 antagonist compared to an inhibitor that binds to IL-6 site I. An inhibitor of site I can inhibit the binding of free IL-6 to IL-6Ra. However, such an inhibitor cannot prevent the activity initiated by pre-existing IL-6 / IL-6R complexes except by limited substitution by the koff of the complex. Another alternative, an inhibitor that binds to IL-6Ra, is less suitable because it may have limited ability to impede IL-6 activity unless it is present at saturating concentrations. Because the amount of IL-6 receptor is generally quite high compared to the amount of IL-6, this approach may require the administration of an undesirably large amount of a composition that inhibits IL-6 activity by binding to the receptor. . In embodiments, the IL-6 antagonists described herein (eg, the antibodies and fragments and derivatives thereof described herein) can block IL-6 activity even when IL-6 binds to IL-6R. Accordingly, an advantage of an IL-6a as described herein is that relatively less composition needs to be administered to achieve a therapeutic effect compared to an inhibitor that targets an IL-6 receptor. Anti-receptor antibodies have been reported to clear rapidly by receptor-mediated clearance that significantly limit their PK, thus requiring large doses, more frequent dosing, or both. Additionally, both IL-6 anti-receptor and anti-site I antibodies have a problem in that they increase the tissue concentration of IL-6 by disrupting the normal receptor-mediated clearance pathway of the ligand, thereby exposing the subject. at potentially undesirable levels of IL-6 in a tissue. In addition, the use of an IL-6Ra targeting inhibitor may necessitate the presence of the inhibitor near both sites where inhibition is sought and a site where it is undesirable, eg, systemic treatment. The use of an IL-6a that binds to site II, the site to which gp130 binds, allows inhibition through free IL-6 as well as IL-6 that is bound to an IL-6R, but has not been still activated an IL-6 pathway through gp130. Therefore, without wishing to be bound by theory, the IL-6 antagonists described herein are designed to bind to both forms of IL-6 (soluble and receptor-bound), specifically IL-6 antagonists bind to IL-6 site II, which is accessible in both ways. Compositions containing an IL-6a as described herein can inhibit both cis and trans signaling by IL-6.
[0197] In some instances the compounds and methods provided herein are designed to provide sufficient effective IL-6 blockade to treat at least one sign or symptom of an IL-6 associated disorder, for example, by inhibiting angiogenesis and / or the inflammation.
[0199] The compounds described herein are useful for treating eye diseases characterized by an undesirably high level of IL-6, for example, in the vitreous (see Yuuki et al., J Diabetes Compl 15: 257 (2001); Funatsu et al. ., Ophthalmology 110: 1690, (2003); Oh et al., Curr Eye Res 35: 1116 (2010); Noma et al., Eye 22:42 (2008); Kawashima et al., Jpn J Ophthalmol 51: 100 (2007); Kauffman et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35: 900 (1994); Miao et al., Molec Vis 18: 574 (2012)).
[0201] In general, an IL-6a as described herein is a potent antagonist of IL-6 signaling. In some embodiments, an IL-6a described herein has a high affinity for IL-6, for example, an IC50 less than or equal to 100 pM in a HEK-Blue IL-6 assay using 10 pM IL-6. . The high affinity of an IL-6a can be determined based on the K ^d of IL-6a, for example, a K ^d of less than or equal to 1 nM, less than or equal to 500 pM, less than or equal to 400 pM , less than or equal to 300 pM, less than or equal to 240 pM, or less than or equal to 200 pM.
[0203] To produce a biological IL-6a (eg, a protein or polypeptide such as an antibody, fragment, or derivative thereof) that is useful for treating a disorder associated with increased IL-6 expression or activity, it is normally desirable that the Biological IL-6a have high productivity. For example, a suitable productivity is greater than or equal to 1 g / l (for example, greater than or equal to 2 g / l, greater than or equal to 5 g / l, or greater than or equal to 10 g / l ).
[0205] To effectively administer an IL-6 antagonist, it is necessary that the inhibitor have solubility compatible with the concentration at which it will be administered. For example, in the case of a full-length IL-6a antibody, the solubility is greater than or equal to 20 mg / ml, greater than or equal to 10 mg / ml, greater than or equal to 5 mg / ml, or greater than or equal to 1 mg / ml.
[0207] Furthermore, to be a viable treatment, the inhibitor must have high stability at body temperature of the sites of administration and activity as well as storage stability. In embodiments, the inhibitor has a Tf greater than or equal to 60 ° C (for example, greater than or equal to 60 ° C, greater than or equal to 62.5 ° C, greater than or equal to 65 ° C, greater of or equal to 70 ° C, greater than or equal to 73 ° C, or greater than or equal to 75 ° C). In embodiments, the inhibitor has a Taparity greater than or equal to 45 ° C, for example, greater than or equal to 50 ° C, greater than or equal to 51 ° C, greater than or equal to 55 ° C, or greater than or equal to 60 ° C. The methods of determination of Tf and Cover can be determined using methods known in the art.
[0209] Antagonists having the desired characteristics can be selected from suitable types of molecules known in the art, for example, antibodies, including fragments and derivatives of an antibody that targets IL-6 site II that generally retains or maintains sufficient characteristics of the parent IL-6 antibody (eg, desired binding properties). Such antagonists include Fab fragments, scFv, Fab fragments engineered to include an Fc residue, and full-length antibodies engineered to have a different framework region of the antibody that targets IL-6 site II. original.
[0211] In some aspects, the IL-6a disclosed herein comprises a human antibody antigen-binding site that can compete or cross-compete with an antibody or fragment thereof that can bind to site II of IL- 6. For example, the antibody or fragment thereof may be composed of a VH domain and a VL domain disclosed herein, and the VH and VL domains comprise a set of CDRs of an IL site II binding antibody. -6 disclosed in this document.
[0213] Any suitable method can be used to determine the domain and / or epitope bound by an IL-6a, for example, by mutating various sites of an IL-6. Sites where mutations prevent or decrease the binding of IL-6a and IL-6 ligand are either directly involved in binding to IL-6a or indirectly affect the binding site, for example by affecting conformation. of IL-6. Other methods can be used to determine the amino acids bound by an IL-6a. For example, a peptide binding screen can be used, such as a PEPSCAN-based enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). In such a peptide binding screen, short overlapping peptides derived from the antigen are screened for binding to a binding member. Peptides can be covalently coupled to a bearing surface to form an array of peptides. Peptides can be in a linear or restricted conformation. A restricted conformation can be produced using peptides that have a terminal cysteine (cys) residue at each end of the peptide sequence. The cys residues can be covalently coupled directly or indirectly to a bearing surface so that the peptide is maintained in a looped conformation. Accordingly, a peptide used in the method may have a cys residue added to each outer of a peptide sequence corresponding to a fragment of the antigen. Double-loop peptides can also be used, in which a cys residue is additionally located at or near the middle of the peptide sequence. The cys residues can be covalently attached directly or indirectly to a supporting surface so that the peptides form a double-loop conformation, with one loop on each side of the central cys residue. Peptides can be generated synthetically, and thus cys residues can be engineered at desired locations, even though they do not occur naturally in the IL-6 site II sequence. Optionally, linear and restricted peptides can both be selected in a peptide binding assay. A peptide binding screen may involve the identification (eg, using an ELISA) of a set of peptides to which the binding member binds, in which the peptides have amino acid sequences corresponding to fragments of an IL-6a (eg, peptides that include approximately 5, 10, or 15 contiguous residues of an IL-6a), and the alignment of peptides to determine a fingerprint of residues attached to the binding member, wherein the fingerprint comprises residues common to peptides overlapping. Alternatively or additionally, the peptide binding screening method can be used to identify peptides to which IL-6a binds with at least one selected signal: noise ratio.
[0215] Other methods known in the art may be used to determine the residues bound by an antibody, and / or to confirm the results of peptide binding screening, including, for example, site-directed mutagenesis (for example, as described in present document), hydrogen-deuterium exchange, mass spectrometry, NMR and X-ray crystallography.
[0217] Typically, a useful IL-6a as described herein is a human antibody molecule, a humanized antibody molecule, or a binding fragment thereof. In general, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. The origin of such an antibody can be human, murine, rat, camelid, rabbit, ovine, porcine or bovine, and can be generated according to methods known to those skilled in the art.
[0219] In general, an IL-6a comprises at least the CDRs of an antibody that can specifically bind to an IL-6 (eg, a human IL-6), eg, site II of an IL-6. The structure for carrying a CDR or set of CDRs of the invention may be an antibody heavy or light chain sequence or a substantial portion thereof in which the CDR or set of CDRs is located at a location corresponding to the CDRs or the set of naturally occurring antibody VH and VL variable domains CDRs encoded by rearranged immunoglobulin genes. The structures and locations of the immunoglobulin variable domains can be determined by referring to Kabat et al., 1983 (National Institutes of Health), and updates thereof which can be found as "Kabat" using any search tool on the Internet.
[0221] An IL-6a, as disclosed herein, is typically an antibody generally comprising a VH domain and / or an antibody VL domain. A VH domain comprises a set of heavy chain CDRs (VHCDR), and a VL domain comprises a set of light chain CDRs (VLCDR). Examples of such CDRs are provided herein in the examples. An antibody molecule can comprise an antibody VH domain comprising a VHCDR1, VHCDR2, and VHCDR3 and a framework region. It may alternatively or also comprise an antibody VL domain comprising a VLCDR1, VLCDR2 and VLCDR3 and a framework region.
[0222] Disclosed herein are IL-6 antagonists comprising a VHCDR1 and / or a VHCDR2 and / or a VHCDR3 such as those disclosed herein and / or a VLCDR1 and / or a VLCDR2 and / or a VLCDR3 such as those disclosed herein. IL-6a can comprise one or more CDRs from any of the antibodies, fragments, or derivatives described herein. IL-6a may comprise a set of VHCDRs (eg VHCDR1, VHCDR2 and VHCDR3), and optionally may also comprise a set of VLCDRs (eg VLCDR1, VLCDR2 and VLCDR3). CDRs can be derived from one or more antibodies, fragments, or derivatives described herein. For example, VLCDRs can be derived from the same or a different antibody than VHCDRs.
[0224] In general, a VH domain pairs with a VL domain to provide an antigen-binding site for an antibody. For example, the HC domain of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3 pairs with the LC domain of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0226] In embodiments, the antibody molecule, fragment, or derivative thereof comprises a VHCDR1, VHCDR2, and VHCDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 37. In embodiments, the antibody molecule, fragment, or derivative thereof comprises VLCDR1, VLCDR2, and VLCDR3 of SEQ ID NO: 38
[0228] An IL-6a as described herein may comprise antibody constant regions or parts thereof, eg, human antibody constant regions or parts thereof. For example, a vL domain can be linked at its C-terminus to antibody light chain constant domains including human CK or CL chains. Similarly, an IL-6a based on a VH domain can bind at its C-terminus to all or part (eg, a CH1 domain) of an immunoglobulin heavy chain derived from any antibody isotype, eg, IgG, IgA, IgE and IgM and any of the subclasses of isotypes, particularly IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. In embodiments, the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is engineered to reduce or eliminate CCDA activity.
[0230] In one embodiment, the antibody of the invention is an IgG2 antibody. In one embodiment, the antibody of the invention comprises an IgG2 framework region, an IgG2 constant region, or an IgG2 Fc region as described herein.
[0232] IgG2 antibodies can exist as the three main structural isoforms: IgG2-A, IgG2-B, and IgG2-A / B (Wypych J. et al. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2008, 283: 16194-16205). This structural heterogeneity is due to the different configurations of the disulfide bonds that join the Fab arms to the hinge region of the heavy chain. In the IgG2-A isoform, there are no disulfide bonds linking the Fab arms to the hinge region. In the IgG2-B isoform, both Fab arms have disulfide bonds that link the heavy and light chain to the hinge region. The IgG2-A / B isoform is a hybrid between the IgG2-A and IgG2-B isoforms, having a single Fab arm with disulfide bonds that link the heavy and light chain of an Fab arm to the hinge region. The conversion of an IgG2 antibody between two or all of the different structural isoforms, also called disulfide exchange, occurs naturally in vivo and in vitro for both naturally-occurring and recombinant antibodies. As a result, IgG2 antibody formulations in the art comprise a heterogeneous mixture of IgG2-A, IgG2-B and IgG2-A / B isoforms. Different isoforms of IgG2 can have unique and different functional properties, such as differences in stability, aggregation, viscosity, Fc receptor binding, or potency. The presence of multiple isoforms or increased levels of a particular isoform in an IgG2 antibody formulation can adversely affect stability, aggregation, or potency.
[0234] The present invention provides an antibody with the advantage that it exists primarily in the IgG2-A or IgG2-A / B isoform. The antibody of the present invention does not exist in the IgG2-B isoform, or does not exist in the IgG2-B isoform for a substantial amount of time. Thus, compositions and formulations comprising the antibody of the invention are less heterogeneous than other IgG2 antibodies known in the art, and therefore are more preferred for use in a therapeutic application.
[0236] The compositions comprising the antibody of the invention mainly comprise IgG2-A and / or IgG2-A / B isoforms of the antibody. In one embodiment, a composition comprising an antibody described herein comprises at least 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% of the IgG2-A or IgG2-A / B isoforms of the antibody. In one embodiment, a composition comprising an antibody described herein comprises at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% of the IgG2- isoforms. A and IgG2-A / B collectively. In such embodiments, a composition comprising an antibody described herein does not comprise a substantial amount of the IgG2-B isoforms of the antibody. For example, the composition comprises less than 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%, 0.5%, or 0.1% of the IgG2-B isoforms of the antibody.
[0238] In some cases, an antibody of the invention is further modified using methods known in the art that create a sequence that has a specific allotype, eg, an allotype that predominates in a population that has a particular geographic origin. In some cases, the constant region of the heavy chain is modified for this purpose.
[0239] An IL-6a can be an antibody molecule, a binding fragment thereof, or a variant, having one or more CDRs, eg, a set of CDRs, within a framework region of an antibody. For example, one or more CDRs or a set of CDRs from an antibody (eg, an antibody or fragment or derivative thereof as described herein) can be grafted onto a framework region (eg, framework region human) to provide an antibody molecule. The framework regions may be derived from human germline gene sequences, or may be non-germline in origin.
[0241] The VH and / or VL framework region residues can be modified as discussed and exemplified herein, for example, using site-directed mutagenesis.
[0243] The amino acid changes can be made in one or more framework regions and / or one or more CDRs derived from an IL-6a antibody directed to IL-6 site II (referred to herein as a "reference antibody against IL-6. 6 ") using methods and parameters known in the art. In addition, included herein is a resulting IL-6 antagonist that retains binding to site II of an IL-6 (eg, site II of a human IL-6) and typically has at least the same binding affinity. or increased compared to the reference antibody against IL-6. In some cases, to improve a parameter such as stability, a change can be introduced that results in a decrease in the binding affinity of the derived IL-6a compared to the reference IL-6a (for example, the reference antibody ) to create a useful IL-6a. In some embodiments, for example, in some cases where the reference refers to binding to FcRn or to a pharmacokinetic parameter (PK) such as half-life in the vitreous or the systemic half-life (e.g., in blood, plasma, serum, lymph, liver, kidney, other tissue or body fluid), a reference antibody may be an antibody that does not specifically bind to IL-6.
[0245] A change in the amino acid sequence of an IL-6a polypeptide can include the substitution of one or more amino acid residues with an amino acid that does not occur naturally or not, modifying one or more amino acid residues in a way that not naturally or uncommonly produced, or by inserting one or more non-naturally occurring or unusual amino acids into the sequence. Examples of numbers and locations of the sequence alterations of the invention are described elsewhere herein. Naturally occurring amino acids include the 20 "usual" L-amino acids identified as G, A, V, L, I, M, P, F, W, S, T, N, Q, Y, C, K , R, H, D, E for their usual one letter codes. Unusual amino acids include any other residue that can be incorporated into a polypeptide backbone or result from modification of an existing amino acid residue. Unusual amino acids can be naturally or unnaturally produced. Several non-common naturally occurring amino acids are known in the art, such as 4-hydroxyproline, 5-hydroxylysine, 3-methylhistidine, and N-acetylserine. Amino acid residues that are derivatized at their N-alpha position will only be located at the N-terminus of an amino acid sequence. The amino acid is normally an L-amino acid. In some cases the amino acid is a D-amino acid. Thus, the alteration can comprise modification of an L-amino acid in, or substitution with, a D-amino acid. The methylated, acetylated and / or phosphorylated forms of amino acids are also known, and the amino acids in the present invention can be subjected to such modification.
[0246] The amino acid sequences in binding members and domains of antibodies of the invention may comprise non-natural or unusual amino acids as discussed herein. Unusual amino acids (eg, D-amino acids) can be incorporated into an amino acid sequence using methods known in the art, eg in the synthesis of the molecule or by post-synthesis modification or substitution of an amino acid. In some cases, a D-amino acid is used to increase the PK of an IL-6a.
[0248] Novel VH or VL regions bearing CDR-derived sequences of the invention can be generated using random mutagenesis of one or more selected VH and / or VL nucleic acid sequences to generate mutations within the entire variable domain. For example, error prone PCR can be used (Chao et al., Nature Protocols, 1: 755-768 (2006)). In some embodiments, one or two amino acid substitutions are made within a complete variable domain or set of CDRs. Other methods known in the art can be used to generate mutations, for example site-directed mutagenesis, usually at one or more CDRs.
[0250] One method of producing an IL-6a antibody is to alter a VH domain such as those disclosed herein by adding, deleting, substituting or inserting one or more amino acids. The altered VH domain can be combined with a VL domain (eg, a VL domain disclosed herein), which can also be altered as described herein and using methods known in the art. Such altered molecules are tested for their ability to bind to IL-6 site II and optionally for other desired properties such as increased affinity compared to a reference molecule. In some cases, a variant VH or VL domain may have 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 such alterations (eg, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acid substitutions).
[0252] In embodiments, an IL-6a of the invention is a fragment of an antibody that binds to site II of an IL-6 and comprises an antigen-binding site, for example, it can bind to site II of an IL-6. The fragments of Antibodies of the invention are generally obtained starting with a reference (parent) antibody molecule, such as an antibody molecule comprising SEQ ID NO: 41 and SEQ ID NO: 42. Antibody fragments can be generated using methods known in the art such as recombinant DNA, enzymatic cleavage (eg, using pepsin or papain), chemical cleavage of an antibody (eg, chemical reduction of disulfide bridges). Antibody fragments that comprise an antigen-binding site of an antibody include, but are not limited to, molecules such as Fab, Fab ', Fab'-SH, scFv, Fv, dAb, Fd, and disulfide stabilized variable region ( dsFv). Various other antibody molecules including one or more antibody antigen-binding sites can be engineered, including for example F (ab ') 2, F (ab) 3, diabodies, tribodies, tetrabodies, and minibodies. Examples of antibody molecules and methods for their construction and use are described in Holliger and Hudson, 2005, Nat Biotechnol 23: 1126-1136. Non-limiting examples of binding fragments are a Fab fragment that is composed of VL, VH, light chain constant domain (CL) and heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) domains; an Fd fragment that is composed of VH and CH1 domains; an Fv fragment that is composed of the VL and VH domains of a single antibody; a dAb fragment that is composed of a VH or VL domain; isolated CDR regions; an F (ab ') 2 fragment, a bivalent fragment comprising two linked Fab fragments; a single chain Fv molecule (scFv), in which a VH domain and a VL domain are joined by a peptide linker that allows the two domains to associate to form an antigen-binding site; a single chain Fv bispecific dimer (for example, as disclosed in WO 1993/011161) and a diabody, which is a multivalent or multispecific fragment constructed using gene fusion (for example, as given disclosed in WO94 / 13804). Fv, scFv, or diabody molecules can be stabilized by incorporating disulfide bridges that link the VH and VL domains. Minibodies comprising a scFv linked to a CH3 domain can also be used as an IL-6a. Other fragments and derivatives of an antibody that can be used as an IL-6a include a Fab ', which differs from a Fab fragment in the addition of a few amino acid residues at the carboxyl terminal end of the CH1 heavy chain domain, including one or plus antibody hinge region cysteines, and Fab'-SH, which is a Fab 'fragment in which the cysteine residue (s) of the constant domains carry a free thiol group.
[0254] In some cases, an IL-6a that is an antibody fragment has been chemically modified to enhance or introduce a desired property, for example, pegylation to increase half-life or incorporation.
[0256] A dAb (domain antibody) is a small monomeric antigen-binding fragment of an antibody (the variable region of a heavy or light chain of an antibody). VH dAbs occur naturally in camelids (eg, camels and llamas) and can be produced by immunizing a camelid with a target antigen, isolating antigen-specific B cells, and directly cloning individual B cell dAb genes. An IL-6a of the present invention may be a dAb comprising a VH or VL domain substantially as set forth herein, or a VH or VL domain comprising a set of CDRs substantially as set forth herein. .
[0258] Antibodies of the invention include bispecific antibodies in which two different variable regions are combined in the same molecule. An Il-6a can be incorporated as part of a bispecific antibody prepared using methods known in the art, eg, prepared chemically or from hybrid hybridomas. Such a molecule can be a bispecific antibody fragment of a type discussed above. A non-limiting example of a method for generating a bispecific antibody is the BiTE ™ technology in which binding domains of two antibodies with different specificity and directly linked via short flexible peptides can be used. This combines two antibodies on a single short polypeptide chain. Diabodies and the scFv can be constructed without an Fc region, using only variable domains, possibly reducing the effects of anti-idiotypic reaction. Bispecific antibodies can be constructed as full length IgG, as bispecific Fab'2, as Fab'PEG, as diabodies or else as bispecific scFv. In addition, two bispecific antibodies can be joined using standard methods known in the art to form tetravalent antibodies.
[0260] Bispecific diabodies, unlike full length bispecific antibodies, are useful, in part because they can be constructed and expressed in E. coli. Diabodies (and many other polypeptides, such as antibody fragments) of appropriate binding specificities can easily be selected using phage display (WO 1994/13804) from libraries. If one arm of the diabody is kept constant, for example, with a specificity directed against IL-6 site II, then a library can be obtained in which the other arm is varied and an antibody of appropriate specificity is selected.
[0262] Full-length bispecific antibodies can be obtained by alternative engineering methods as described in WO 1996/27011, WO 1998/50431 and WO 2006/028936.
[0264] In some cases, an IL-6a of the invention comprises an antigen-binding site within a non-antibody molecule, for example, by incorporating one or more CDRs, for example a set of CDRs, into a non-antibody protein scaffold. , as will be discussed further below. In some cases, the CDRs are incorporated into a non-antibody framework. A binding site to IL-6 site II can be provided by the arrangement of CDRs on non-antibody protein scaffolds, such as fibronectin or cytochrome B, or by randomizing or mutating amino acid residues from a loop within a protein scaffold to provide specificity of binding to a site II of IL-6. Backbones for engineering novel binding sites in proteins are known in the art. For example, protein scaffolds for antibody mimetics are disclosed in WO200034784, which describes proteins (antibody mimetics) that include a fibronectin type III domain having at least one randomized loop. A suitable framework into which to graft one or more CDRs, eg, a pool of HCDRs, can be provided by any domain member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. The scaffold can be a human or non-human protein. An advantage of a non-antibody protein scaffold is that it can provide an antigen-binding site on a scaffold molecule that is smaller or easier to manufacture than at least some antibody molecules. The small size of a binding member can confer useful physiological properties, such as an ability to enter cells, penetrate deep into tissues or reach targets within other structures, or bind within cavities of the target antigen protein. Typical are proteins having a stable backbone and one or more variable loops, in which the amino acid sequence of the loop or loops is specifically or randomly mutated to create an antigen-binding site that binds to the target antigen. Such proteins include the IgG-binding domains of S. aureus protein A , transferrin, tetranectin, fibronectin (eg, using the 10th domain of fibronectin type III), lipocalins as well as gamma-crystallin and other Affilin ™ scaffolds ( Scil Proteins, Halle, Germany). Examples of other approaches include synthetic cyclotide-based microbodies, small proteins having intramolecular disulfide bonds, microproteins (e.g., Versabodies ™, Amunix Inc., Mountain Vista, CA), and ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPin, e.g., from Molecular Partners AG, Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland). Such proteins also include small engineered protein domains such as, for example, immunodomains (see, for example, US Patent Publication Nos. 2003/082630 and 2003/157561). Immunodomains contain at least one complementarity determining region (CDR) of an antibody.
[0266] An IL-6a may comprise additional amino acids, for example, to confer on the molecule another functional characteristic in addition to the ability to bind to antigen.
[0268] In some cases, an IL-6a carries a detectable tag, or is conjugated to a toxin or a targeting moiety or enzyme (eg, through a peptidyl bond or linker). For example, an IL-6a may comprise a catalytic site (eg, in an enzymatic domain) as well as an antigen-binding site (eg, a binding site for site II of an IL-6), so that the antigen-binding site binds to the antigen and thus targets the catalytic site for IL-6 or the IL-6 / IL-6R complex. The catalytic site can further inhibit, in some cases, a biological function of an IL-6, for example, by cleavage of IL-6, IL-6R, or another molecule that associates with the IL-6a / IL-complex. 6.
[0270] In some aspects, the invention includes an IL-6a antibody that has been modified compared to a reference antibody to alter, eg, increase, decrease or eliminate, the biologic effect function of IL-6a. In one example, the Fc region is modified or the parent Fc domain is replaced with a modified Fc domain to alter the pharmacokinetics of the modified IL-6a compared to the original unmodified. In some embodiments, IL-6a is engineered to have an IgG2 framework region. In other embodiments, IL-6a is in a framework region of IgG1 or IgG2 and has a modified Fc that increases the binding affinity of IL-6a at pH 6.0 and does not substantially alter the binding affinity at pH 7, 0 compared to an original or another reference IL-6a. In embodiments, the Fc domain is modified and IL-6a has reduced systemic accumulation, decreased half-life, and / or increased systemic clearance compared to an original or another reference IL-6a.
[0272] In some embodiments, an IL-6a antibody is modified to increase complement binding and complement dependent cytotoxicity. In other aspects, the IL-6a antibody is modified to increase the ability of the antibody compared to a reference antibody to activate effector cells and participate in antibody dependent cytotoxicity (CCDA). In some cases, the antibodies as disclosed herein can be modified both to enhance their ability to activate effector cells and participate in antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ACCD) and to enhance their ability to fix complement and to participate. in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
[0274] In some embodiments, the antibodies disclosed herein are modified to reduce their ability to bind complement and participate in complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). In other embodiments, the antibodies are modified to reduce their ability to activate effector cells and participate in antibody dependent cytotoxicity (CCDA). In still other embodiments, an antibody as disclosed herein can be modified both to reduce its ability to activate effector cells and participate in antibody dependent cytotoxicity (CCDA) and to reduce its ability to bind complement and participate in complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
[0276] Generally, it is advantageous to avoid frequent administration of a dose of an IL-6a, for example when administered by injection into the eye. To facilitate this feature, in certain embodiments, the half-life at the site of administration, eg, the vitreous, of an IL-6a as disclosed herein is at least 4 days, eg, at least 7 days, at least 9 days, at least 11 days, or at least 14 days. In certain embodiments, the mean half-life of an IL-6a is at least 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 8 days, 9 days, 10 days, 11 days, 12 days, 13 days, 14 days, 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days, 20 days, 25 days, 30 days, 40 days , 50 days or 60 days. Methods for increasing the half-life of an antibody are known in the art, for example, as described in US Patent No. 6,277,375 and International Publication Nos. WO 1998/23289 and WO 1997/3461. In some embodiments, the half-life of an IL-6a is longer at the target site of administration, eg, the vitreous, than the systemic half-life, eg, half-life in blood, serum, plasma, lymph, liver, kidney, or other. body tissue or fluid).
[0277] In another embodiment, the invention provides an article of manufacture including a container. The container includes a composition containing an IL-6a as disclosed herein, and a package insert or label indicating that the composition can be used to treat an IL-6 associated disorder. Typically, the composition is an IL-6a in a composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0278] In some cases, the invention is a kit comprising a composition containing an IL-6a as disclosed herein, and instructions for administering the composition to a subject in need of treatment.
[0279] In embodiments where a greater amount of IL-6a is desirable, for example, to enhance retention of IL-6a at or near its site of administration, a moiety that increases the size but does not significantly affect the Adverse function of IL-6a (eg, binding affinity of IL-6 for IL-6 or IL-6 / IL-6R complex) with Il-6a. For example, a Fab can be engineered to be expressed as single polypeptides containing one Fab and one Fc residue.
[0280] In embodiments where a relatively small size for IL-6a is desirable, fragments of an antibody against IL-6, eg, a scFv or Fab fragment, can be used. An IgG antibody is approximately 150 kD in size, a Fab is approximately 50 kD, and a scFv is approximately 25 kD. In some embodiments, an IL-6a as described herein is less than about 50 kD in size. Such an antagonist can be, for example, less than or equal to 50 kD and greater than 10 kD, less than or equal to 50 kD and greater than 20 kD, or less than or equal to 50 kD and greater than or equal to at 25 kD.
[0281] In some cases, the stability of an IL-6 antagonist, for example an antibody or other inhibitor that has disulfides, is improved by creating a variant in which one or more of the disulfide bridges are more stable than in the parent molecule. .
[0282] Another advantage of certain IL-6a molecules described herein may be the availability of effective molecules that are sized for their mode of administration, site of administration, or mode of activity. For example, an IL-6a in a Fab format can be used for topical application. Methods of engineering such molecules are described herein and known in the art. Indications / disease associated with IL-6
[0283] Diseases that can be treated with an IL-6a of the invention include those diseases in which elevated IL-6 is associated with the disease state or as a prerequisite for the disease state. Such diseases include those in which IL-6 motivated angiogenesis and inflammation contribute to the pathology of the disease. This includes diseases in which IL-6 is elevated compared to normal levels, for example, diseases in which IL-6 is elevated in the vitreous (such as, for example, diabetic macular edema, diabetic retinopathy and uveitis. ) or the tissues of the eye. Examples include certain eye diseases including, without limitation, dry eye (eg, dry eye disease or dry eye syndrome), allergic conjunctivitis, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), diabetic macular edema (DME), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (DRR), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Other eye disorders that can be treated include those caused by trauma such as corneal transplantation, corneal abrasion, or other such physical injury to the eye. Accordingly, the invention includes treating a subject having an IL-6 associated disease with an IL-6a described herein.
[0284] In some embodiments, the IL-6 associated disease is an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the disease is glaucoma.
[0285] In some embodiments, the disease is eye pain.
[0286] In some embodiments, treating a subject also includes determining whether the subject has IL-6 associated disease, and optionally, whether the subject is resistant to other non-IL-6 inhibitory treatments such as corticosteroids or anti-VEGF therapeutic. .
[0287] A problem with certain antibody-based therapeutics that are effective at a specific locus such as the eye, eg, the vitreous, are adverse effects that result from systemic administration. One solution is to provide a therapeutic agent that can be administered locally rather than systemically as exemplified by the molecules described herein. Because some therapeutic agents that are administered locally, eg, to the vitreous, will appear, to some extent, systemically, it is advantageous to design a molecule that will have relatively rapid systemic turnover. Applicants have engineered examples of IL-6 antibodies designed for rapid systemic turnover, for example, compared to the parent molecule or a reference antibody. This was done by mutating the Fc domain to modify the molecule's FcRn binding, for example, to reduce the FcRn-mediated recycling of IL-6a.
[0289] Diabetic macular edema ( DME). Diabetic macular edema (DME) involves the occlusion and leakage of blood vessels in the retina, causing reduced visual acuity and possibly blindness. The usual treatments for DME include local administration of corticosteroids or anti-VEGF antibodies. However, many patients are resistant to these therapies. The pathogenesis of diabetic macular edema involves components of angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. IL-6 is induced by hypoxia and hyperglycemia and can increase vascular inflammation, vascular permeability, and pathologic angiogenesis. IL-6 can directly induce VEGF expression and can promote choroidal neovascularization in animal models. In patients with DME, ocular IL-6 levels are positively correlated with macular thickness and disease severity. Apparently, IL-6 levels are elevated in patients who stop anti-VEGF therapy while it is decreased in patients who respond to anti-VEGF. Accordingly, the administration of an IL-6a as described herein is useful for the treatment of diabetics in combination with an anti-VEGF therapeutic agent or as an alternative to an anti-VEGF treatment, including patients who do not respond to anti-VEGF therapy. Treatment of macular edema with an IL-6a can also improve safety by eliminating the need to completely inhibit any mechanism to inhibit the pathology while preserving some of the desired physiological roles of each cytokine. Therefore, local treatment with IL-6a in combination with VEGF inhibition can reduce the dose frequency and reduce the adverse effects of treatment.
[0291] In DME there are positive correlations between the vitreous levels of IL-6 and both the severity of the disease and the subjects resistant to VEGF. Accordingly, an IL-6a as described herein can be used to treat subjects with DME who are resistant to steroid therapy, anti-VEGF therapy, or both. In some cases, an IL-6a is used in combination with anti-VEGF therapy or steroid therapy, for example, to treat DME.
[0293] An IL-6a described herein can also be used to treat disorders such as cancer, eg, prostate cancer, leukemia, multiple myeloma, inflammatory disease (such as chronic inflammatory proliferative diseases), and autoimmune, eg, rheumatoid arthritis, Castleman's disease (angiofollicular or giant lymph node hyperplasia, lymphoid hamartoma, angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia), juvenile idiopathic arthritis (including polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis and systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis), Still's disease (encompassing juvenile idiopathic arthritis and juvenile Adult-onset Still), adult-onset Still's disease, amyloid amyloidosis A, polymyalgia rheumatica, remitting seronegative symmetric synovitis with pitting edema, spondyloarthritis, Behget's disease (including treatment of ocular manifestations), atherosclerosis, psoriasis, lupus erythematous s istemic, polymyositis (an inflammatory myopathy), relapsing polychondritis, acquired hemophilia A, multiple sclerosis, anemia of inflammation, and Crohn's disease.
[0295] IL-6 antagonists are also useful for the treatment of certain neurological diseases, eg, depression and Alzheimer's disease.
[0297] Other diseases that can be treated with an IL-6a described herein include, without limitation, systemic sclerosis, Takayasu arteritis, giant cell arteritis, graft versus host disease, and TNF receptor associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS).
[0299] Dosage
[0301] An IL-6 antibody or fragment thereof can be administered to a subject (eg, a patient) who expresses, eg, abnormally high levels of IL-6. The antibody or fragment thereof can be administered once, or it can be administered multiple times. The antibody can be administered, for example, from three times a day to once every six months or more. Administration can be in a dosage regimen such as three times a day, twice a day, once a day, once every two days, once every three days, once weekly, once every two weeks, once every month, once every two months, once every three months and once every six months. The antibody or fragment thereof can be administered continuously through a minipump or other route such as an implantable slow release capsule or through an encapsulated cell that produces the antibody or fragment thereof. The antibody or fragment thereof can be administered through a mucosal, buccal, intranasal, inhalable, intravenous, subcutaneous, intramuscular, parenteral, intraocular, or intratumoral route. The antibody or fragment thereof may be administered once, at least twice, or for at least the period of time until the condition is treated, alleviated or cured. The antibody or fragment thereof will generally be administered while the condition is present. The antibody or fragment thereof will generally be administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition as described herein. document. The dosage of the antibody will generally be in the range of 0.1 to 100 mg / kg, 0.5 to 50 mg / kg, 1 to 20 mg / kg and 1 to 10 mg / kg. The serum concentration of the antibody or fragment thereof can be measured by any suitable method. A characteristic of certain compounds described herein is that they require relatively infrequent dosing, for example, once a week, twice a week, three times a week, once every four weeks, once every two weeks, once every 8 weeks, once every 12 weeks, once every 16 weeks, once every 32 weeks, once a month, once every two months, once every three months, or once every six months. In some cases the compound is administered as needed, determined, for example, by a condition of the subject. A characteristic of the IL-6 antagonists described herein is that they allow relatively infrequent dose administration, it is the high potency combination that is achieved, at least in part, by a slow dissociation rate once attached to a IL-6 and the ability to deliver a relatively high concentration of the compound.
[0302] In some cases, IL-6a is given as a monotherapy. In other embodiments, IL-6a is administered concomitantly with methotrexate or another disease-modifying antiarthritic drug.
[0303] Generation of antibodies
[0304] An IL-6a antibody or derivative or fragment thereof can be produced using methods known in the art such as monoclonal antibody methodology (eg, see Kohler and Milstein (1975) Nature 256: 495). Other techniques for producing monoclonal antibodies such as viral or oncogenic transformation of B lymphocytes can also be employed. Chimeric or humanized antibodies can be prepared based on the sequence of a murine monoclonal antibody prepared using methods known in the art. The DNA encoding the heavy and light chain immunoglobulins can be obtained from a murine hybridoma of interest and engineered to contain non-murine (eg, human) immunoglobulin sequences using standard molecular biology techniques. For example, to create a chimeric antibody, murine variable regions can be linked to human constant regions using methods known in the art (see, for example, US Patent No. 4,816,567). To create a humanized antibody, murine CDR regions can be inserted into a human framework region using methods known in the art (see, for example, US Patent No. 5,225,539, and US Patent No. 5,530,101 ; 5,585,089; 5,693,762; and 6,180,370).
[0305] In embodiments, an IL-6a described herein (eg, an anti-IL-6 antibody or derivative or fragment thereof) can specifically bind human IL-6. In embodiments, IL-6a can specifically bind to site II of IL-6 (eg, site II of human IL-6).
[0306] In some embodiments, an IL-6a antibody is a human monoclonal antibody. Such antibodies can be generated using transgenic or transchromosomal mice that comprise portions of a human immune system rather than the mouse system. These transgenic and transchromosomal mice include "human Ig mice" such as the HuMAb Mouse® and KM Mouse® (see, for example, US Patent Nos. 5,545,806; 5,569,825; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 5,789,650; 5,877,397; 5,661,016; 5,814,318; 5,874,299; and 5,770,429; US Patent No. 5,545,807; PCT Publication Nos: WO 92/03918, WO 93 / 12227, WO 94/25585, WO 97/13852, WO 98/24884 and WO 99/45962; and PCT Publication No. WO 01/14424).
[0307] In another aspect, human anti-IL-6 antibodies can be obtained using a mouse that carries human immunoglobulin sequences in transgenes and transchromosomes, such as a mouse that carries a human heavy chain transgene and a human light chain transchromosome. Such mice are described in detail in PCT Publication No. WO 02/43478.
[0308] Other transgenic animal systems expressing human immunoglobulin genes are available in the art and can be used to obtain an IL-6a antibody. For example, an alternative transgenic system called Xenomouse ™ (Abgenix, Inc.) can be used; such mice are described in, for example, US Patent Nos. 5,939,598; 6,075,181; 6,114,598; 6,150,584; and 6,162,963. Furthermore, transchromosomal animal systems that express human immunoglobulin genes are available in the art and can be used to obtain an IL-6a antibody. For example, mice that carry both a human heavy chain transchromosome and a human light chain transchromosome are described in Tomizuka et al. (2000, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 722-727). Human monoclonal antibodies can also be prepared using SCID mice in which human immune cells have been reconstituted so that a response to human antibodies can be generated after immunization. Such mice are described in, for example, US Patent Nos. 5,476,996 and 5,698,767.
[0309] Phage display libraries
[0310] In some cases, an IL-6a antibody or derivative or fragment thereof is produced in a method that involves synthesizing a library of human antibodies using phage, screening the library with an IL-6, eg, human IL-6, or a fragment thereof, isolate the phage that binds IL-6, and obtain the antibody from the phage.
[0311] A recombinant human IL-6a antibody can also be isolated by screening a library of recombinant combinatorial antibodies. In general, the library is a scFv phage display library, generated using human VL and VH cDNAs prepared from mRNA isolated from B cells. Methods for preparing and screening such libraries are known in the art. Kits for generating phage display libraries are commercially available (for example, the Pharmacia Recombinant Phage Antibody System, Catalog # 27 9400-01; and the Stratagene SurfZAP ™ Phage Display Kit, Catalog # 240612 ). Other methods and reagents that can be used in the generation and screening of antibody challenge libraries are known in the art (see, for example, US Patent No. 5,223,409; PCT Publication Nos. WO 92/18619 , WO 91/17271, WO 92/20791, WO 92/15679, WO 93/01288, WO 92/01047, WO 92/09690; Fuchs et al., Bio / Technology 9: 1370-1372 (1991); Hay et al., Hum Antibod Hybridomas 3: 81-85 (1992); Huse et al., Science 246: 1275-1281 (1989); McCafferty et al., Nature 348: 552-554 (1990); Griffiths et al., EMBO J 12: 725-734 (1993); Hawkins et al., J Mol Biol 226: 889-896 (1992); Clackson et al., Nature 352: 624-628 (1991); Gram et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 3576-3580 (1992); Garrad et al., Bio / Technology 9: 1373-1377 (1991); Hoogenboom et al., Nuc Acid Res 19: 4133-4137 (1991); and Barbas et al. ., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7978-7982 (1991).
[0312] In an example to isolate and produce antibodies against human IL-6 with the desired characteristics, first, an antibody against human IL-6 was used to select human heavy and light chain sequences that have similar binding activity towards IL-6. , using epitope imprinting methods described in PCT Publication No. WO 93/06213. The antibody libraries used in this method are generally scFv libraries prepared and screened as described in PCT Publication No. WO 92/01047; McCafferty et al., Nature 348: 552-554 (1990); and Griffiths et al., EMBO J 12: 725-734 (1993).
[0313] Once the initial human VL and VH domains are selected, "mix and match" experiments are performed, in which different pairs of the initially selected VL and VH segments are screened for binding to IL-6 to select combinations. of preferred VL / VH pairs. To select for the desirable characteristics of an IL-6a, the VL and / or VH segments of a selected pair can be randomly mutated. This in vitro affinity maturation can be accomplished, for example, by amplifying VH and VL domains using PCR primers complementary to a CDR of one or both of the selected VH and VL domains, primers containing a random mixture of the four nucleotide bases in determined positions so that the resulting PCR product encodes VH and VL segments into which random mutations have been introduced in the VH and / or VL. Such randomly mutated VH and VL segments can be reselected for IL-6, eg, to IL-6 site II.
[0314] Upon selection and isolation of an IL-6a antibody from a recombinant immunoglobulin expression library, nucleic acids encoding the selected antibody can be recovered from the display package (eg, from the phage genome) and subcloned into other expression vectors using recombinant DNA techniques known in the art. Such antibodies can be further manipulated to produce an antibody fragment such as those described herein.
[0315] Pharmacokinetics (PK)
[0316] Testing for PK can be performed using the methods described herein and / or methods known in the art. A barrier to determinations that require the use of an animal, for example, the determination of PK, is that human IL-6 has less than 50% homology with that of some animals commonly used for such a test. Therefore, one method of testing for PK is to use a transgenic mouse expressing human IL-6. In some embodiments, a non-human primate is used to determine PK.
[0317] In some embodiments, an anti-IL6 antibody is mutated to alter its PK, for example, by altering the pH sensitivity of binding to FcRn. A method of obtaining such mutations is described in the examples. Accordingly, in some embodiments, IL-6a has an altered systemic PK compared to a parental IL-6a or a reference molecule. In some cases, PK is not altered or improved in the vitreous. In some embodiments, IL-6a has a reduced systemic PK (eg, decreased half-life and / or increased clearance, eg, as assessed in a circulatory fluid such as blood, plasma, lymph, or serum) compared to a Parental IL-6a or a reference molecule.
[0318] Models for testing an IL-6 antagonist
[0319] IL-6 antagonists can be tested in disease models for IL-6 associated delivery, particularly for efficacy of treatment and limited deleterious effects on advantageous IL-6 properties. For example, uveitis can be tested in an experimental autoimmune uveitis model in rats or mice (Caspi, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 52: 1873; Agarwal et al., 900: 443-69, 2012) using the α-binding protein. Retinoid interphotoreceptors (IRBP) in immunization with Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Other models include those known in the art for dendritic cell-induced uveitis, adoptive transfer of cultured effector T cells, spontaneous UAE in IRBP TCR from Tg mice, endotoxin-induced uveitis, autoimmune uveoretinitis (Haruta et al., Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53: 3264 (2011); Yoshimura et al., Rheumatology 48: 347-354 (2009)).
[0320] Other model systems that can be used to examine the effects of an IL-6a in the treatment of IL-6 associated disease are, for example, a choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model (Izumi-Nagai et al., Am J Pathol 170: 6 (2007); Krzystolik et al., Arch Ophthalmol 120: 338 (2002)) and diabetes models such as those described in Kern et al. (Animal Models Of Diabetic Complications Consortium (P01 DK57733), update report (September 2001 - January 2004)). Useful animal models for testing IL-6a in rheumatoid arthritis are known in the art, for example, see Asquith et al. (Eur J Immunol 39: 2040-4 (2009)) and Kollias et al. (Ann Rheum Dis 70: 1357-62 (2011).
[0321] Models of CNV are representative, for example, of the human states of AMD and EMD. Retinal neovascularization models are useful, for example, to study ischemic retinopathies, eg, diabetic retinopathy or retinopathy of prematurity. Various models of retinal and choroidal neovascularization are known in the art (see, for example, Grossniklaus, HE et al. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2010 Nov; 29 (6): 500-19. Doi: 10.1016 / j.preteyeres.2010.05 .003 2010 May 19 Epub; Saisin, Y et al. (2003) Journal of Cellular Physiology, 195: 241-248; Takahashi, K. et al. (2003) Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 44 (1 ): 409-415; Lima e Silva, R. et al. (2007) FASEB Journal, 21: 3219-3230; Tobe et al. (1998) American Journal of Pathology, 153 (5): 1641-1646; Dong, A et al. (2011) PNAS, 108 (35): 14614-14619; Dong et al. (2009) J Cell Physiol 219: 544-552; Smith, LE et al. 1994 Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35: 101 -111; Shen, J. et al. (2007) Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 48 (9): 4335-4341) and can be used to investigate the efficacy of an IL-6a. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) can be induced, for example, by lasers, light, surgery, or genetic modifications. Models of oxygen-induced retinal neovascularization are known in the art and are described, for example, in Smith, LE et al. 1994 Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35: 101-111; Shen, J. et al. (2007) Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 48 (9): 4335-4341.
[0322] An ischemia / reperfusion model can also be used. See, for example, Zheng, L et al. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, vol. 48 # 1 pp. 361-367, 2007. For example, on day 1, a 30-gauge needle attached to a fluid bag is inserted into the cornea of anesthetized mice and the intraocular pressure (IOP) is raised to approximately 120 mmHg to generate ischemia. After 30-90 minutes, the needle is withdrawn, the IOP normalizes, and a reflux of the retinal circulation occurs. The expression of inflammatory markers including TNF-α and ICAM-1 can be assessed by Western blotting and qPCR on day 2-6. Additionally, nerve ganglia cell loss can be assessed by histology on day 3-14 and capillary degeneration measured by trypsin digestion technique on day 10-14. For therapeutic studies, the test article (eg, 1 µl of an appropriate concentration, eg, 20 mg / ml, of an IL6a) is injected intravitreally either shortly before or after induction of ischemia.
[0323] Combination therapies
[0324] In some embodiments, an IL-6a is administered in combination with a second therapeutic entity. For example, an IL-6a is administered in a treatment regimen that includes a VEGF inhibitor such as, for example, ranibizumab. In some embodiments, an IL-6a is administered in a treatment regimen that includes a PDGF inhibitor such as, for example, an anti-PDGF antibody or anti-PDGF receptor antibody (for example, imatinib). In some embodiments, an IL-6a is administered in combination with a complement pathway inhibitor, eg, lampalizumab (factor D inhibitor) or a C5 inhibitor.
[0325] IL-6 antagonist administration
[0326] An IL-6 antagonist or composition described herein can be administered locally, or in direct contact with or near a cell or tissue to be targeted for IL-6 inhibition. Non-limiting examples of such methods of administration include injection, infusion, or implantation of a substance containing an IL-6 antagonist.
[0327] In embodiments, the IL-6a or composition is administered intraocularly, eg, intravitreal, eg, via intravitreal injection, an ophthalmic insert, or genetic administration.
[0328] In some embodiments, the IL-6a composition is administered as an ophthalmic formulation. The methods may comprise administration of the IL-6a composition and an ophthalmically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic formulation is a liquid, a semisolid, an insert, a film, a microparticle, or a nanoparticle. The IL-6a composition can be administered, for example, topically or by injection (eg, intravitreal injection).
[0329] In some embodiments, the IL-6a composition is formulated for intravitreal administration.
[0330] In some embodiments, the IL-6a composition is formulated for topical administration, eg, to the eye. The topical formulation can be a liquid or semi-solid formulation, for example, a topical formulation can include an aqueous solution, an aqueous suspension, an ointment or a gel. An ophthalmic formulation of IL-6a can applied topically to the front of the eye, under the upper eyelid, on the lower eyelid and in the cul-de-sac. Typically the ophthalmic formulation is sterile. An ophthalmic formulation of IL-6a may contain one or more pharmaceutical excipients suitable for the preparation of ophthalmic formulations. Examples of such excipients are preserving agents, buffering agents, chelating agents, antioxidant agents, and salts to regulate osmotic pressure. Ophthalmic formulations, including both ointments and suspensions, normally have a viscosity to suit the route of administration. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic formulation has a viscosity of from about 1,000 to about 30,000 centipoise.
[0331] In some embodiments, the formulation is a liquid formulation comprising a polymer. Such a polymer can be used to improve bioavailability, raise viscosity, or reduce drainage from the eye of a liquid formulation. Suitable polymers include, but are not limited to, those described in Wagh et al. (Asian J Pharm, 2: 12-17, 2008). In non-limiting examples, the polymer is sodium hyaluronase, chitosan, a cyclodextrin (eg, hydroxypropyl-p-cyclodextrin), polygalactoronic acid, xyloglucan, xanthan gum, gellan gum, a thiomer, a poly (ortho ester) (for eg Einmahl, Adv Drug Deliv Rev 53: 45-73, 2001), or a tamarind seed polysaccharide (eg, Ghelardi et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother 48: 3396-3401, 2004).
[0332] In some embodiments, a formulation comprising an IL-6a composition for ophthalmic administration may comprise one or more surfactants, adjuvants, buffers, antioxidants, tonicity adjusting agents, preservatives (eg, EDTA, BAK (benzalkonium chloride ), sodium chlorite, sodium perborate, polyquaternium-1), thickeners or viscosity modifiers (for example, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, glycol 400, propylene glycol, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl guar, hyaluronic acid and hydroxypropyl cellulose), and the like. Additives may be included in the formulation, but are not limited to, sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, sorbic acid, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, chlorhexidine, castor oil, and sodium perborate.
[0333] In some embodiments, purified or deionized water is used in the composition. The pH can be adjusted by adding any physiologically and ophthalmically acceptable acid, base, or pH adjusting buffer within the range of about 5.0 to 8.5, for example, pH 7.0, pH 7.3, pH 7.4, or pH 7.5. Ophthalmically acceptable examples of acids include acetic, boric, citric, lactic, phosphoric, hydrochloric, and the like, and examples of bases include sodium hydroxide, sodium phosphate, sodium borate, sodium citrate, sodium acetate, sodium lactate. , tromethamine, trishydroxymethylaminomethane, and the like. Examples of salts and buffers that can be used in a formulation include citrate / dextrose, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, and mixtures of the acids and bases mentioned above.
[0334] In some embodiments, the osmotic pressure of the ophthalmic composition can be from about 10 milliosmolar (mOsM) to about 400 mOsM, for example, 200 to 400 mOsM or 220 to 370 mOsM. Generally, the osmotic pressure can be adjusted using physiologically and ophthalmically acceptable salts or excipients. In some embodiments, sodium chloride is included in a formulation, for example, sodium chloride is present in a formulation at a concentration ranging from 0.01% to 1% by weight, or from 0.05% % to 0.45% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition. The equivalent amounts of one or more salts composed of cations such as potassium, ammonium, and the like, and anions such as chloride, citrate, ascorbate, borate, phosphate, bicarbonate, sulfate, thiosulfate, bisulfate, sodium bisulfate, ammonium sulfate, and the like They can also be used in addition to or instead of sodium chloride to achieve osmolalities within the desired range. In some embodiments, a sugar such as mannitol, dextrose, sorbitol, glucose, and the like is also used to adjust osmolality.
[0335] In some embodiments, the methods involve forming or delivering a reservoir of the agent in contact with the outer surface of the eye. A deposit refers to a source of agent that is not rapidly removed by tears or other ocular cleansing mechanisms. This allows for continuous and sustained high concentrations of agent in the fluid on the outer surface of the eye in a single application. In some embodiments, the reservoir can stay up to eight hours or more. In some embodiments, the ophthalmic depot formulation includes, but is not limited to, aqueous polymeric suspensions, ointments, and solid inserts.
[0336] In some embodiments, a semisolid composition is a liquid formulation that increases in viscosity upon application to the eye, typically due to the presence of a polymer in the liquid formulation for which an increase in viscosity occurs with a change in temperature, pH or electrolyte concentration. The polymer can be, for example, cellulose acetaphthalate, polyacrylic acid, gellan gum, hyaluronase, chitosan, alginic acid salts (for example, sodium alginate) or a block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (for example , Pluronic®, BASF; poloxamer). In some embodiment, the polyacrylic acid is cross-linked acrylic acid (eg, Carbopol®). In some embodiments, the semisolid composition comprises a mixture of carbopol and a block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; a mixture of methyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose; or a mixture of polyethylene glycol and a block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.
[0337] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic formulation containing IL-6a is an ointment or a gel. In some In embodiment, the ophthalmic formulation is an oil-based delivery vehicle. For example, the formulation may comprise a petroleum or lanolin base to which the IL-6a composition is added (eg at 0.1 to 2%), and excipients. Common bases can include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, petroleum jelly, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the ointment is applied as a tape to the lower eyelid.
[0339] In some cases, the ophthalmic composition is an ophthalmic insert. In embodiments, the composition is administered intravitreally through an ophthalmic insert.
[0341] For example, the ophthalmic insert is biologically inert, soft, bioerodible, viscoelastic, stable to sterilization after exposure to therapeutic agents, resistant to infections from airborne bacteria, bioerodible, biocompatible, and / or viscoelastic. In some embodiments, the insert comprises an ophthalmically acceptable matrix, for example, a polymeric matrix. The matrix is typically a polymer and the IL-6a composition is dispersed within the matrix or bound to the polymeric matrix. In some embodiments, the agent is slowly released from the matrix through dissolution or hydrolysis of a covalent bond. In some embodiments, the polymer is bioerodible (soluble) and the rate of dissolution thereof can control the rate of release of the agent dispersed therein. In another form, the polymeric matrix is a biodegradable polymer that decomposes, such as by hydrolysis, to thereby release the agent attached to it or dispersed therein. In additional embodiments, the matrix and agent can be surrounded with an additional polymeric coating to further control release. In some embodiments, the insert comprises a biodegradable polymer such as polycaprolactone (PCL), an ethylene / vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyalkyl cyanoacrylate, polyurethane, a nylon, or poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA ), or a copolymer of any of these. In some cases, the agent is dispersed in the matrix material or is dispersed within the monomer composition used to prepare the matrix material prior to polymerization. In some embodiments, the amount of agent is from about 0.1 to about 50%, or from about 2 to about 20%. The biodegradable or bioerodible polymeric matrix can be used so that the spent insert does not have to be removed from the eye. As the biodegradable or bioerodible polymer degrades or dissolves, the agent is released.
[0343] In additional embodiments, the ophthalmic insert comprises a polymer, including, but not limited to, those described in Wagh, et al., "Polymers used in ocular dosage form and drug delivery systems", Asian J. Pharm., Pages 12 -17 (January 2008). In some embodiments, the insert comprises a polymer selected from polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), an acrylate or methacrylate polymer or copolymer (eg, Eudragit® family of polymers from Rohm or Degussa), hydroxymethylcellulose, polyacrylic acid, polyamidoamine dendrimers. , poly (dimethylsiloxane), polyethylene oxide, poly (lactide-co-glycolide), poly (2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate), poly (vinyl alcohol), or poly (propylene fumarate). In some embodiments, the insert comprises Gelfoam®. In some embodiments, the insert is a 450 kDa cysteine conjugate polyacrylic acid.
[0345] The insert may comprise a core containing the IL-6a composition and an outer tube (eg, as described in US Patent Publication No. 20040009222). In some cases, the outer tube may be permeable, semipermeable, or impermeable to the drug. In some embodiments, the core includes a polymeric matrix that does not have a significant effect on the release rate of the IL-6a composition. In some cases, the outer tube, the polymeric matrix of the core, or both are bioerodible. The coextrudate can be segmented into drug delivery devices. In some embodiments, the device is coated so that the respective ends are open, or the device is coated with, for example, a layer that is permeable to the IL-6a composition, semipermeable to the IL-6a composition, or bioerodible. . In certain embodiments, the IL-6a composition and at least one polymer are mixed in powder form.
[0347] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic composition is an ophthalmic film. Suitable polymers for such films include, but are not limited to, those described in Wagh, et al. (above). In some embodiments, the film is a soft contact lens, for example, a lens that is composed of copolymers of N, N-diethylacrylamide and methacrylic acid cross-linked with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate.
[0349] In certain embodiments, the IL-6a is in an insert that is in tubular form, and can be segmented.
[0351] In some embodiments, the IL-6a composition is formulated in a therapeutically effective amount, coated or dispersed in a polymeric matrix, such that the IL-6a composition is in granular or particulate form. In some embodiments, the IL-6a composition is released from the formulation as the drug in the granules dissolves in or within the matrix, diffuses through the matrix, and is released into the surrounding physiological fluid. In some embodiments, the release rate is primarily limited by the dissolution rate of the IL-6a composition from the granules / particles in the matrix; diffusion passages through the matrix and dispersion in the surrounding fluid do not primarily limit the release rate. In certain embodiments, the polymeric matrix is not bioerodible, while in other embodiments it is bioerodible. Exemplary non-bioerodible polymeric matrices can be formed from polyurethane, polysilicone, poly (ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA), poly (vinyl alcohol), and derivatives and copolymers thereof. Exemplary bioerodible polymeric matrices can be formed from polyanhydride, poly (lactic acid), poly (glycolic acid), polyorthoester, polyalkylcyanoacrylate, and derivatives and copolymers thereof.
[0353] In some cases, the IL-6a composition is formulated in a collagen material. For example, the insert can be a soluble ophthalmic drug insert (e.g., a polymeric oval film that can be inserted into the upper conjunctival sac for drug delivery; an elliptical insert such as OCUSERT® (pilocarpine ocular therapeutic system, developed by Alza Corporation) which is made of ethylene and vinyl acetate; Lacrisert®, a rod-shaped insert made of cellulose; new ophthalmic drug delivery systems (NODS), made of polyvinyl alcohol; or inserts such as those described in Fabrizio (Adv Drug Deliv Rev 16: 95-106, 1998) In some cases, the insert comprises collagen, gelatin or a polymer, in which the polymer is selected from polycaprolactone (PCL), an ethylene / acetate copolymer vinyl (EVA), polyalkylcyanoacrylate, polyurethane, a nylon, poly (dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), or a copolymer of any of these. In some cases, the insert is implanted under the p arped upper. In some cases, the insert is implanted in the posterior segment of the eye, in the choroidal space, or in the sclera. In some embodiments, the insert is implanted intravitreal or subretinal. In some embodiments, the insert is injected subretinally. Methods of administration and techniques for their preparation are set forth in Remington's: The Practice of Science of Pharmacy, 20th Edition (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006).
[0355] In other embodiments, an insert containing an IL-6a composition provides sustained release of the agent to the vitreous of the eye. As used herein, "sustained release" means that the composition releases the agent over an extended period of time in a controlled manner. In some embodiments, the insert releases the agent at a rate such that the concentration of the aqueous agent remains less than the concentration of the glassy agent during release. In some embodiments, the aqueous agent concentration is from about 0.002 pg / ml to about 0.01 pg / ml or from about 0.01 pg / ml to about 0.05 pg / ml, or less than about 0.05 pg. / ml. In some embodiments, the agent is released at a rate of from about 1 pg / day to about 50 pg / day, or from about 1 pg / day to about 10 pg / day. In some embodiments, the insert further comprises an additional therapeutic agent, as detailed above, for example, fluocinolone acetonide (such as that found in the Retisert® ophthalmic insert).
[0357] In some embodiments, the ophthalmic composition comprises microspheres or nanoparticles. In some embodiment, the microspheres comprise gelatin. In some embodiments, the microspheres are injected into the posterior segment of the eye, into the choroidal space, into the sclera, intravitreal, or subretinal. In some embodiments, the microspheres or nanoparticles comprise a polymer that includes, but is not limited to, those described in Wagh et al. (Asian J Pharm 2: 12-17, 2008) In some embodiments, the polymer is chitosan, a polycarboxylic acid such as polyacrylic acid, albumin particles, hyaluronic acid esters, poly (heelic acid), poly (butyl ) cyanoacrylate, polycaprolactone, poly (isobutyl) caprolactone, poly (lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) or poly (lactic acid). In some embodiments, the microspheres or nanoparticles comprise solid lipid particles.
[0359] In some embodiments, an IL-6a composition comprises an ion exchange resin. In some embodiments, the ion exchange resin is an inorganic zeolite or a synthetic organic resin. In some embodiments, the ion exchange resin includes, but is not limited to, those described in Wagh et al., Cited above. In some embodiments, the ion exchange resin is a partially neutralized polyacrylic acid.
[0361] An IL-6a composition can be provided in an aqueous polymeric suspension. In some embodiments, the IL-6a composition or a polymeric suspending agent is suspended in an aqueous medium (eg, having the properties as described above). Examples of polymeric suspending agents include, but are not limited to, dextrans, polyethylene glycols, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polysaccharide gels, Gelrite®, cellulosic polymers such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and carboxyl-containing polymers such as acrylic acid polymers or copolymers, as well as other demulcents. polymeric. In some embodiments, the polymeric suspending agent is a water-swellable and water-insoluble polymer, especially a cross-linked carboxyl-containing polymer. In some embodiments, the polymeric suspending agent comprises from at least about 90% to about 99.9%, or from about 95% to about 99.9%, by weight based on the total weight of monomers present, of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated carboxyl-containing monomers. In some embodiments, the monoethylenically unsaturated carboxyl-containing monomer includes acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, methylacrylic acid (crotonic acid), cis-alpha-methylcrotonic acid (angelic acid), trans-a-methylcrotonic acid (thyglyic acid), a-Butylcrotonic acid, alpha-phenylacrylic acid, a-benzylacrylic acid, a-cyclohexylacrylic acid, phenylacrylic acid (cinnamic acid), coumaric acid (o-hydroxycinnamic acid) and umbelic acid (p-hydroxycummaric acid). In some embodiments, the polymer is cross-linked by a polyfunctional cross-linking agent (eg, a difunctional cross-linking agent). In some embodiments, the crosslinking agent is contained in an amount of from about 0.01% to about 5%, or from about 0.1% to about 5.0%, or from about 0.2 % to about 1%, based on the total weight of monomers present. In some embodiments, the crosslinking agents are monomers of non-polyalkenyl polyether difunctional crosslinking such as divinylglycol, 2,3-dihydroxyhexa-1,5-diene, 2,5-dimethyl-1,5-hexadiene, divinylbenzene, N, N-diallylacrylamide, N, N-diallylmethacrylamide; polyalkenyl polyether crosslinking agents containing two or more alkenyl ether groups per molecule, for example, alkenyl ether groups containing terminal H ² C = C groups, prepared by etherification of a polyhydric alcohol containing at least four carbon atoms and at less than three hydroxyl groups with an alkenyl halide such as allyl bromide or the like, eg, polyallylsucrose, polyallylpentaerythritol, or the like; non-hydrophilic diolefinic macromeric crosslinking agents having molecular weights from about 400 to about 8,000, such as diacrylates and polyacrylates and insoluble methacrylates of diols and polyols, reaction products of hydroxyalkyl acrylate or diisocyanate methacrylate derived from isolescyanate-terminated diisocyanate prepolymers of polyester or polyether diols, polysiloxane diols with hydroxyalkylmethacrylates and the like.
[0363] In some embodiments, the crosslinked polymers are made from a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer or monomers containing carboxyl as the only monoethylenically unsaturated monomer present, along with a crosslinking agent or agents. In some embodiments, the polymers are those in which up to about 40%, and preferably from about 0% to about 20% by weight, of the monoethylenically unsaturated carboxyl-containing monomer or monomers has been replaced by one or more monomer or non-carboxyl-containing monoethylenically unsaturated monomers containing only physiologically and ophthalmically innocuous substituents, including acrylic and methacrylic acid esters, such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, octyl methacrylate, methacrylate 2-hydroxyethyl, 3-hydroxypropylate acrylate, and the like, vinyl acetate, N-vinylpyrrolidone, and the like (eg, Mueller et al. US Patent No. 4,548,990). In some embodiments, the polymers include polycarbophil (Noveon AA-1), Carbopol®, and DuraSite®. In some embodiments, the crosslinked polymers are prepared by suspension or emulsion polymerizing the monomers, using conventional free radical polymerization catalysts, to a dry particle size of no more than about 50 µm equivalent spherical diameter. In some embodiments, the average dry particle size is from about 1 to about 30 µm, or from about 3 to about 20 µm in equivalent spherical diameter. In some embodiments, the polymer particles are obtained by mechanically grinding larger polymer particles. In further embodiments, such polymers will have a molecular weight of from about 250,000 to about 4,000,000, and from 3,000,000,000 to 4,000. 000,000. In other embodiments, the crosslinked polymer particles are monodisperse, meaning that they have a particle size distribution such that at least about 80%, about 90%, or about 95%, of the particles are within a band. of pm of principal particle size distribution. In further embodiments, the monodisperse particle size means that there are no more than about 20%, about 10%, or about 5% of particles less than 1 pm in size. In some embodiments, the aqueous polymer suspension comprises from about 0.05 to about 1%, from about 0.1 to about 0.5%, or from about 0.1 to about 0.5% of the agent, and from about 0.1 to about 10%, from about 0.5 to about 6.5%, from about 0.5 to about 2.0%, from about 0.5% to about 1.2%, from about 0.6 to about 0.9%, or from about 0.6 to about 0.8% of a polymeric suspending agent. Although referred to in the singular, it should be understood that one or more species of polymeric suspending agents can be used with a total amount that is within established ranges. In one embodiment, the amount of insoluble lightly crosslinked polymer particles, pH, and osmotic pressure can be correlated with each other and with the degree of crosslinking to give a composition having a viscosity in the range of from about 500 to about 100,000 centipoise, and preferably from about 1,000 to about 30,000 or from about 1,000 to about 10,000 centipoise, measured at room temperature (about 25 ° C) using a Brookfield Digital LVT viscometer equipped with a number 25 spindle and a 13R small sample adapter at 12 rpm. In some embodiments, the viscosity is from about 10 to about 400 centipoise, from about 10 to about 200 centipoise, or from about 10 to about 25 centipoise.
[0365] In some embodiments, the aqueous polymer suspensions can be formulated so that they retain the same or substantially the same viscosity in the eye as they had prior to administration to the eye. In some embodiments, they can be formulated so that there is increased gelation upon contact with tear fluid. For example, when a formulation containing DuraSite® or other similar poly (acrylic acid) type polymer is administered to the eye at a pH of less than about 6.7, the polymer may swell upon contact with tear fluid already which has a higher pH (around 7). This gelation or increased gelation can lead to trapping of suspended particles, thus extending the residence time of the composition in the eye. In some embodiments, the agent is released slowly as the suspended particles dissolve over time. In some embodiments, this route of administration increases patient comfort and agent contact time with ocular tissues, thereby increasing the degree of drug absorption and duration of action of the formulation in the eye. The agents contained in these drug delivery systems will release from the gels at rates that depend on factors such as the drug itself and its physical form, the degree of drug loading and the pH of the system, as well as any adjuvants. administration of drugs, such as ion exchange resins compatible with the ocular surface, which may also be present.
[0366] In some embodiments, an IL-6 antagonist is provided to a subject using genetic delivery, eg, local genetic delivery. Such administration can be via a transient expression system, stable (eg, integrated) expression system such as a lentiviral expression system manufactured by Bluebird Bio (Cambridge, MA), or administration in a cell factory such as those manufactured. by Neurotech (Cumberland, Rhode Island).
[0367] All technical characteristics can be individually combined in all possible combinations of such characteristics.
[0368] The above embodiments are to be considered in all respects illustrative rather than limiting the invention described herein.
[0369] Examples
[0370] The following non-limiting examples further illustrate embodiments of the inventions described herein.
[0371] Example 1: validation of local IL-6 blockade in a choroidal neovascularization (CNV) model
[0372] To determine whether local blocking of IL-6 can be effective for the treatment of eye diseases, for example diabetic macular edema (DME) or wet AMD, an anti-IL-6 antibody was administered locally using a model system for neovascularization. choroidal. A laser-induced CNV model (eyecro.com/invivo/laser-induced-choroidal-neovascularization-cnv/) reproduces many of the pathological processes underlying DME, including inflammation and angiogenesis. Studies were conducted in rats at EyeCRO (Oklahoma City, OK). Six animals in each group underwent bilateral laser treatment on day 0 to produce three lesions per eye. On days 3 and 10, 3 pg of a rat polyclonal anti-IL-6 antibody (R&D Systems AF506; Minneapolis, MN) was administered to the test group by intravitreal injection (IVT), while PBS or an antibody was administered. polyclonal anti-VEGF (R&D Systems AF564) to vehicle and positive control groups, respectively. In vivo angiography was performed on days 15 and 22 to measure the area of the lesion. On days 15 and 22, the anti-IL-6 antibody treated group had significantly reduced neovascularization compared to the vehicle control. There were no significant differences in response between the group treated with anti-IL-6 antibody and the positive control with anti-VEGF antibody. Figure 1 shows the results of an experiment of this type. These data demonstrate that an IL-6a, for example an anti-IL6 antibody, administered by IVT, can reduce neovascularization in a rat CNV model to levels similar to a positive control with anti-VEGF antibody (p = 0, 0054 on day 15 and p = 0.0005 on day 22 for anti-IL-6 antibody against vehicle control).
[0373] These data indicate that local blockade of IL-6 may be useful in treating eye disease such as diseases involving vascular effusion, for example macular edema.
[0374] Example 2: candidate IL-6 antibody antagonists
[0375] Candidate IL-6 antibody antagonists were developed using a procedure that first involved immunizations. The immunizations were carried out under the direction of the inventors by a contract research organization (CRO). Five BALB / C mice were injected subcutaneously with 80 pg human IL-6 (R&D Systems, catalog # 206-IL / CF, Minneapolis, MN) in PBS containing 1 M NaCl with Freud's adjuvant. Two boosts were made with 80 pg and 50 pg of IL-6. Spleen cells from the highest titer mouse were harvested and fused with P3x763Ag8.653 myeloma cells to form hybridomas.
[0376] Hybridoma supernatants were selected for IL-6 binding and antagonism. For the binding ELISA, Costar 9018 plates were coated with 1 pg / ml human IL-6 in PBS overnight at 4 ° C. The wells were blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA, washed and then incubated with 50 µl of each hybridoma supernatant diluted 1: 2 with PBS containing 2% BSA. After 60 minutes, the wells were washed three times with 300 µl of PBS containing 0.1% Tween-20. Next, mouse anti-HRP antibody diluted 1: 3000 in PBS-BSA was added to each well and incubated for 30 minutes. The wells were washed as before, then 3,3 ', 5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate was added and the signal was measured at 450 and 550 nm. For antagonism studies, IL6 HEK-Blue ™ reporter cells (InvivoGen, San Diego, CA) were incubated with increasing concentrations of human IL-6 in the presence of 1:10 diluted hybridoma supernatant. After 20-24 hours, 20 µl of supernatant was mixed with 180 µl of QuantiBlue ™ (InvivoGen) and absorbance at 655 nm was measured.
[0377] Based on binding and antagonism studies, applicants selected hybridoma 64 as the leader and it was subcloned into the CRO. Hybridoma 64 (one murine monoclonal) was further tested to determine the ability to inhibit the binding of IL-6 / IL-6Ra complex to gp130 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hybridoma 64 at a concentration of 1.5 pg / ml significantly reduced the binding of an IL-6 / IL-6Ra complex to immobilized gp130 by ELISA (Figure 2).
[0379] The subclones were reselected and the variable domains of subclone 64.58 were amplified by 5 'RACE PCR and sequenced. The sequences of mouse variable domains (called m64) are as follows:
[0381] M64 VH (variable heavy chain)
[0382] QVQLQQSGAELVRPGTSVKVSCKASGYAFSNYLIEWVKQRPGQGLEWIGVITPGSGTIN
[0383] YNEKFKGKAVLTADKSSSTVYMQLSSLTSDDSAVYFCAKSRWDPLYYYALEYWGQGT
[0384] SVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 13)
[0386] M64 VL (variable light chain)
[0387] DIYLTQSPASLAYSLGQRATISCRASESYDNYGISFMNWFQQKPGQPPKLLIYAASNQGS
[0388] GVPARFSGSGSGTDFSLNIHPMEEDDTAMYFCQQSKEVPLTFGAGTKLELK (SEQ ID
[0390] NO: 14)
[0392] To create humanized sequences, the m64 complementarity determining regions (CDRs) were grafted onto a human germline framework region selected for similarity to the mouse sequence by a computational algorithm. The humanized sequences (designated h64) were as follows (residues altered compared to m64 sequences are underlined) and have approximately 79.5% identity (VH) and 84.4% identity (VL) with the sequences murine:
[0394] VH of h64
[0396] NYAOKFOGRVTITADESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSRWDPLYYYALEYWGOGT
[0397] IVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 15)
[0399] VL of h64
[0401] DIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCRASESVDNYGISFMNWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYAASNQG
[0402] SGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLOAEDVAVYYCOOSKEVPLTFGOGTKLEIK (SEQ ID
[0404] NO: 16)
[0406] Humanized sequences were synthesized using DNA2.0 (Menlo Park, CA), then cloned into pcDNA3.1-derived expression vectors as in-line fusions with the constant domains of human IgG1. IgGs were expressed by transient transfection into 293 Freestyle ™ cells (Invitrogen, Grand Island, NY) and purified by protein A chromatography. In binding and antagonism studies, h64 IgG demonstrated significantly reduced potency compared to its predecessor. m64. Thus, the yeast display was used to restore the lost affinity.
[0408] To carry out affinity maturation designed to restore or enhance the affinity of the humanized h64IgG, the h64 antibody sequences were recloned to generate a Fab molecule in pYC2 / CT-derived yeast vectors in which the FabH chain is fused to anti-FITC scFv 4m5.3 through a (G4S) 3 linker (SEQ ID NO: 29). A library of h64 variants was then generated by error prone PCR following the protocol of Chao et al. (2006, Nature Protocols, 1: 755-768). H64 variants were expressed and the surface was captured by FITC-PEG-NHS labeled yeast and then incubated with biotinylated human IL-6. Bound IL-6 was detected with streptavidin-APC, and cells with the highest amount of bound IL-6 relative to the amount of Fabs expressed were selected on a BD FACSAria ™ cell sorter. After four rounds of selection, a population of variants of higher affinity was selected and sequenced. The sequence of the affinity maturation selected clone (designated h64-1.4) is as follows with the selected mutations (ie, mutated compared to the h64 VH and VL sequences) in bold and the CDRs are underlined. These are the variable domains of 018 (as well as the IL-6a molecules 020 and 029 described below). Note that the full length Fabs include the CK and CH1 domains of IgG1. At In the context of this application, reference to a heavy chain or light chain amino acid sequence of "Fab" means that the sequence may be part of a functional Fab consisting of a light chain derived sequence and a heavy chain derived sequence.
[0409] H64-1.4 VH (018VH) (variable domain)
[0410] OVOLVOSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYALSNYLIEWVROAPGOGLEWMGVITPGSGTI NYAOKFOGRVTITADESTSTAYMEFSSFRSEDTAVYYCARSRWDPFYYYAFEYWGOGT TVTVSS (SEQ ID NO: 17)
[0411] H64-1.4 VL (018VL) (variable domain)
[0412] DIYMTOSPDSLAYSLGERATINCRASESYDNYGIPFMNWYOOKPGOPPKLLIYAASNRG SGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLOAEDVAVYYCOOSEEVPLTFGOGTKLEIKRTV (SEO
[0413] ID NO: 18)
[0414] The h64-1.4 variable domains were cloned back into the human IgG1 vector pcDNA3.1 and expressed as a full-length IgG1 in Freestyle ™ -HEK293 cells (Life Technologies). The resulting purified IgG was significantly more potent than the parent h64 antibody in both cell binding and antagonism studies. When testing for affinity using the yeast system, the affinity increased from 343 pM for the original humanized molecule to 43 pM. The antagonist potency was approximately a ten-fold increase as evaluated using the HEK-Blue cell system.
[0415] The h64-1.4 IgG was reformatted as a Fab for use in ocular and other indications. In addition, another round of yeast-based selections and library generation were performed to further improve affinity. After four rounds of selection, there was a significant enrichment for a VH variant with the A79v mutation. Antibodies, variants and fragments thereof that comprise the A79V variant are called IL-6a 019 antibodies, variants and fragments thereof.
[0416] Example 3: format selection
[0417] To investigate suitable formats for an antibody-based IL-6 antagonist, antibodies to IL-6 selected as described above were tested for transient expression, stability, aggregation properties, binding affinity, and IC50 using Fab, scFv (V ^h -V ^l ) and scFv (V ^l- V ^h ) forms of the 018 sequences.
[0418] The results of these studies for one of the candidate IL-6a molecules (sequences containing the variable region 018) are shown in Table 1.
[0419] Table 1
[0423] These data demonstrate a method of identifying key characteristics of various formats of an antibody-based IL-6 antagonist and illustrate that for IL-6 antagonists containing the 018 variable regions, the Fab 018 format has the most favorable characteristics in most of the key categories ie expression, stability, aggregation, and binding affinity compared to a scFv setup. The IC50 of Fab 018 is within a reasonable range for its therapeutic use.
[0424] Example 4: examples of IL-6a antibodies, fragments and derivatives
[0425] Applicants have identified the following sequences using the methods described herein. The underlined sequences represent the CDRs of the heavy and light chains. Other sequences can be found throughout the specification.
[0426] Polypeptide sequence of heavy chain 018 (full length; fl018HC) in a framework region of IgG1
[0427] OVOLVOSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYALSNYLIEWVROAPGOGLEWMGVITPGSGTI NYAOKFOGRVTITADESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSRWDPLYYYALEYWGOGT TVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFP AYFQS SGFY SFS S YYTYPS S SFGT QTYICNVNHKP SNTKYDKKYEPKSCDKTHT CPPCP A PEFFGGPSVFFFPPKPKDTFMISRTPEVTCVWDVSHEDPEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTK PREEQYNSTYRWSVFTVFHQDWFNGKEYKCKVSNKAFPAPIEKTISKAKGQPREPQV YTLPPSRDELTKNQVSLTCLVKGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPENNYKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYS KFTVDKSRWQQGNVFSCSVMHEAFHNHYTQKSFSFSPGK (SEQ ID NO: 19)
[0429] Nucleic acid sequence of heavy chain 018 (full length; fl018HC) in a framework region of IgG1
[0430] CAAGTGCAGCTGGTGCAGTCAGGGGCCGAGGTTAAGAAGCCAGGGAGCAGCGTCAA GGTATCTTGTAAAGCGTCTGGTTACGCCCTTTCAAACTACCTGATCGAATGGGTGAG GCAGGCTCCCGGCCAAGGCCTGGAATGGATGGGAGTTATCACCCCTGGGAGCGGCA CCATTAATTACGCCCAGAAATTTCAGGGACGAGTGACGATTACCGCCGACGAGTCC ACCAGTACTGCCTACATGGAGCTGTCCTCACTCCGCAGCGAGGACACGGCAGTTTAC TACT GCGCCCGGAGT CGAT GGG ACCCT CTTT ACTATT ATGCT CT GGAAT ACT GGGGC C AGGG AACG ACCGTT AC AGT GT C AT CTGCT AGCAC AAAAGG ACC AT C AGT CTTCCC ACTT GCT CCTT CAT CTAAGAGCACAAGTGGTGGCACTGC AGCCCTT GWOT STAG GGT GAAAGATTATTTCCCCGAACCTGTTACAGTTTCTTGGAACTCCGGTGCACTGACATC CGG AGT AC AC ACTTTCCC AGCT GTGCT GC AG AGCT C AGG ACT GT AT AGCCT GT CTTC GGT GGT C ACT GTT CC ATCGTCG AGT CTTGGC ACAC AG AC AT AT ATTT GC AACGT CAA TCACAAGCCCTCCAACACAAAAGTGGATAAGAAGGTCGAGCCCAAATCTTGTGACA AGACCCAT ACGT GTCCT CCCTGTCCCGCCCCT GAACT GCT GGG AGGCCCTT CT GT GT TCCTGTTCCCACCTAAGCCAAAGGACACTCTGATGATCAGCCGGACTCCCGAGGTTA CCT GT GT GGT GGT GG AT GT GT CT CAT GAAG ACCCT G AGGTT AAGTT CAATT GGT ACG TGGATGGCGTCGAGGTGCATAACGCAAAAACCAAGCCG AGAGAGGAGCAGTACaatA
[0431] GCACCTATAGAGTAGTGAGCGTCCTGACTGTCTTACATCAGGATTGGCTCAATGGTA AAGAATATAAGTGCAAGGTAAGCAACAAGGCCCTACCCGCACCAATAGAGAAGAC CAT CT CC AAGGCG AAAGGT C AGCCC AGGG AGCCCC AGGTTT AT AC ACT GCCTCCCTC ACGCGACGAATTAACAAAGAATC AGGT TKWG CT CACCT GT CT CGT CAAGGGCTTTT A CCCTTCCGACATCGCCGTGGAGTGGGAATCCAATGGCCAGCCTGAGAACAATTATA AG AC A ACTCCCCC AGT CCTGG ATT C AG AT GGGT CGTT CTTTCT AT AT AGT AAGTT G A CCGTGGATAAGTCTCGCTGGCAACAGGGGAACGTGTTCTCTTGCTCTGTTATGCATG AAGCGCTGCACAATCATTATACCCAGAAGTCCCTGTCCCTGAGCCCCGGGAAG (SEQ
[0432] ID NO: 20)
[0434] Fab 018 (018FabHC) heavy chain polypeptide sequence in a framework region of IgG1. CDRs are underlined
[0435] OVOLVOSGAEVKKPGSSVKVSCKASGYALSNYLIEWVROAPGOGLEWMGVITPGSGTI NYAOKFOGRVTITADESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSRWDPLYYYALEYWGOGT TVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPSSKSTSGGTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFP AVLQSSGLYSLSSVVTVPSSSLGTQTYICNYNHKPSNTKVDKKVEPKSC (SEQ ID NO: l)
[0436] Full-length light chain 018 (fl018LC) polypeptide sequence. The CDRs are underlined DIYMTQSPDS LAYSLGERAT INCRASESVD NYGIPFMNWY QQKPGQPPKL LIYAASNRGS GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTIS SLQAEDVAVY YCOOSEEVPL IFGQGTKLEI KRTVAAPSVF IFPPSDEQLK SGTASWCLL NNFYPREAKV QWKVDNALQS GNSQESVTEQ DSKDSTYSLS STLTLSKADY EKHKVYACEV THQGLSSPVT KSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 2)
[0438] This is also the light chain sequence for IL-6020 and 029 antagonists
[0440] Nucleic acid sequence light chain full length 018 (018LC) in a framework region of IgG1 GACATAGTGA TGACTCAAAG TCCGGACAGC CTGGCGGTGT CACTCGGCGA ACGGGCAACT ATCAACTGCC GAGCCAGCGA GAGCGTCGAT AATTACGGCA TCCCCTTCAT GAACTGGTAT CAGCAGAAGC CAGGACAGCC GCCCAAGCTG CTTATCTACG CCGCTTCCAA CCGGGGATCA GGGGTGCCCG ATCGATTTAG TGGAAGCGGT AGTGGGACCG ATTTCACACT GACCATCAGC TCCCTTCAGG CCGAGGATGT GGCTGTCTAT TATTGTCAGC AATCCGAGGA AGTGCCGCTC ACGTTTGGTC AGGGAACCAA ACTGGAGATC AAGCGGACCG TAGCGGCGCC TAGTGTCTTC ATCTTCCCAC CCTCCGACGA ACAGCTGAAG TCTGGCACTG CTTCCGTCGT GTGCCTGCTC AACAACTTTT ACCCTAGAGA GGCAAAAGTT CAATGGAAAG TAGACAATGC CTTGCAGTCC GGGAACTCCC AGGAGTCTGT CACAGAGCAG GATAGTAAGG ACTCAACCTA CAGCCTGTCC AGCACACTGA CCCTCTCCAA AGCCGACTAC GAGAAGCACA AAGTGTACGC TTGCGAAGTT ACGCATCAGG GGCTGTCCTC ACCCGTTACA AAAAGTTTTA ACAGAGGGGA GTGC
[0441] (SEQ ID NO: 26)
[0443] Heavy chain Fab 019 (019FabHC, same sequence as 018FabHC except A79V (bold / italic) QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGSSVKV SCKASGYALS NYLIEWVROA PGQGLEWMGV ITPGSGTINY AQKFQGRVTI TADESTSTVY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCARSR WDPLYYYALE YWGOGTTVTV SSASTKGPSV FPLAPSSKST SGGTAALGCL VKDYFPEPVT VSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSV VTVPSSSLGT QTYICNVNHK PSNTKVDKKV EPKSC (SEQ ID NO: 3)
[0445] 019 VH (variable region / 019HC)
[0446] QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGSSVKV SCKASGYALS NYLIEWVROA PGQGLEWMGV ITPGSGTINY AQKFQGRVTI TADESTSTVY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCARSR WDPLY YY ALE YWGQGTTV NOTV SS (SEQ ID)
[0447] The sequence (polypeptide and nucleic acid) of the light chain of antibody 019 (019LC) is the same as that of 018LC
[0448] CDR1 of 018HC (CDR1 of VH of 018): GYALSNILIE (SEQ ID NO: 4)
[0449] 018HC CDR2 (018 VH CDR2): VITPGSGTIN (SEQ ID NO: 5)
[0450] 018HC CDR3 (018 VH CDR3): SRWDPLYYYALEY (SEQ ID NO: 6)
[0451] 018LC CDR1 (VL CDR1): RASESVDNYGIPFMN (SEQ ID NO: 7)
[0452] 018LC CDR2 (VL CDR2): AASNRGS (SEQ ID NO: 8)
[0453] 018LC CDR3 (VL CDR3): QQSEEVPLT (SEQ ID NO: 9)
[0454] 019HC CDR1 (019 VH CDR1): GYALSNILIE (SEQ ID NO: 4)
[0455] 019HC CDR2 (019 VH CDR2): VITPGSGTIN (SEQ ID NO: 5)
[0456] 019HC CDR3 (019 VH CDR3): SRWDPLYYYALEY (SEQ ID NO: 6)
[0457] Example 5: epitope and structure mapping
[0458] Epitope mapping
[0459] Functional epitope mapping was performed on selected candidate IL-6 antagonists. A candidate antibody (murine antibody 64) was found not to reduce the binding of IL-6Ra to IL-6 in an ELISA indicating that the candidate antibody does not bind to site I. Additional experiments were performed demonstrating that the murine chimeric antibody 64 reduced the binding of the IL-6 / IL-6Ra complex to gp130 in an ELISA indicating that either site II or site III of IL-6 harbored the binding site for the antibody. It was also found that murine antibody 64 did not significantly block the binding of a known site III binding antibody AH-65 (Immunotech, Marseille, France) to IL-6, indicating that the candidate antibody binds to site II of IL-6. These data demonstrate that antibodies can be raised against site II and demonstrate a method of identifying such antibodies.
[0460] To further define the epitope, mutations in yeast IL-6 were generated as fusions at 4m5.3 (Boder et al., 2000, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97, 10701-10705; Chao et al., 2006, Nat Protocol 1 , 755-768). Mutations were expressed in human IL-6 with the following single or double mutations: R24E / D27E, R30E, Y31E, D34R, S118R / V121E, W157E, Q159E / T162P, K171E, and R179E. Expressed mutated IL-6 molecules were used in 018 (Fab) binding studies. A reduced affinity for 018 (Fab) was observed for R24E / K27E, Y31E, D34R and S118R / V121R, all of which are located at site II of IL-6. Accordingly, the invention described herein includes an antibody that binds to at least one, two, three, four, five, or six of the amino acids at positions 24, 27, 31, 34, 118, and 121 of IL- 6 human or the equivalent site on an IL-6.
[0461] Structural definition of a site II epitope
[0462] The following distances were calculated to structurally define Site II. Calculations are based on the hexameric crystal structure of IL-6 / IL-6a / gp130, PDB 1P9M (Boulanger et al., 2003, Science 300: 2101-2104). IL-6 helix 1 passes between site I and site II, resulting in certain residues that are close to site II but have side chains that point to site I, eg, R30. D2 and D3 refer to extracellular domains of IL-6Ra.
[0463] The following amino acids of IL-6 were determined to be found within 5 A of gp130-D2-D3: L19, R24, K27, Q28, R30, Y31, D34, E110, Q111, R113, A114, M117, S118, V121 , Q124, F125 and K128.
[0464] The following amino acids were determined to be found within 7 A of gp130-D2-D3: L19, E23, R24, I25, K27, Q28, I29, R30, Y31, D34, K41, Q102, E109, E110, Q111, A112 , R113, A114, VI15, Q116, M117, S118, K120, V121, L122, Q124, F125 and K128.
[0465] Accordingly, a molecule, eg, an antibody or fragment thereof that can bind to one or more of the IL-6 amino acids that is within 5 A or 7 A of site II can be an IL-6a.
[0466] The sequence of human IL-6 is provided below for reference (the underlined sequence is the leader sequence). The amino acids within 7 A of gp130-D2-D3 are in italics. Amino acid numbering, for example mutations used to define epitopes, is without the leader sequence:
[0467] Human IL-6 MNSFSTSAFGPVAFSLGLLLVLPAAFPAPVPPGEDSKDVAAPHROPLTSS £; fl / D ^ 6> // MLD GISALRZETCNKSNMCESSKEALAENNLNLPKMAEKDGCFQSGFNEETCLVKIITGLLEF EYYLEYLQNRFESSEEQARAVQMSTKVLIQFLQKKAKNLDAI77 D 77NASLL7KLQAQ NQWLQDMTTHLILRSFKEFLQSSLRALRQM (SEQ ID NO: 21)
[0468] Experiments were performed to test the Fab fragment of the humanized h64-1.4 antibody and it was shown that it could block IL-6 signaling in both cis and trans, which is due to targeting to site II. The potency of the Fab fragment did not change in the presence of a soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). This is in contrast to an anti-IL-6R IgG antibody that had decreased potency in the presence of sIL6R, and that blocks only cis signaling.
[0469] These experiments demonstrate that an antibody or antibody fragment such as a Fab fragment that targets site II can be used to inhibit both cis and trans signaling of Il-6.
[0470] Example 6: studies in primates
[0471] Because the activities of non-primates can differ greatly from those of primates, candidate IL-6 antagonists are generally further evaluated for PK and other parameters using non-human primates. Human IL-6 differs from crab and Indian macaque IL-6 in seven sites, one of which is at site II (amino acid 28) and is the same at site II in IL-6 of the African green monkey. This appears to decrease the binding of an antibody comprising 018 sequences by only about 3-4 times. The ability to bind to a non-human primate IL-6 is a useful feature of an IL-6 antagonist, which facilitates development of the candidate as a drug, for example, allowing tests such as toxicology tests in non-human primates.
[0472] As with most anti-IL-6 antibodies, the anti-IL-6 antibodies described herein did not cross-react with rodent, rabbit, or canine IL-6 due to low sequence homology. However, in affinity studies, Fab 018 was found to bind IL-6 from the crab macaque and the African green monkey with approximately human affinity (Table 2).
[0473] Table 2: Monovalent affinity (Fab 018) for various IL-6 of various species
[0477] These data further demonstrated the ability of an IL-6a as described herein to specifically bind and the ability to develop a molecule that has characteristics that allow it to be tested, for example, for toxicology and reproductive studies, in a suitable animal.
[0478] Example 7: increasing expression of an IL-6a
[0479] To increase the expression of Fab 018 and Fab 019 polypeptides, constructs introducing an additional five amino acids (DKTHT (SeQ ID NO: 30)) to the heavy chain in the CH1 / hinge region were made using methods known in the art. The sequence of the altered Fab 018 heavy chain is shown below as SEQ ID NO: 24. The altered sequence 018 is referred to herein as 020 and the altered sequence 019 is referred to herein as 021. The molecule 020 (the Fab 020 heavy chain and Fab 018 light chain) had improved expression compared to the original Fab which had Fab 018 heavy and Fab 018 light chains. The 019 molecule showed no significant affinity difference compared to the molecule 020. The expression of both 020 and 019 increased by approximately two-fold, respectively, and the affinities were not affected by alteration.
[0480] Heavy chain 020 (Fab with DKTHT (SEQ ID NO: 30) at the carboxyl-terminal)) QYQLYQSGAE VKKPGSSVKV SCKASGYALS NYLIEWVROA PGQGLEWMGV ITPGSGTINY AQKFQGRVTI TADESTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCARSR WDPLYY AND ALE YWGOGTTVTV SSASTKGPSV FPLAPSSKST SGGTAALGCL VKDYFPEPVT VSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSV VTVPSSSLGT QTYICNVNHK PSNTKVDKKV EPKSCDKTHT (SEQ ID NO: 24)
[0481] IL-6 antagonism was measured using Fab 020 in IL-6 HEK-Blue ™ reporter cells (InvivoGen, San Diego, CA). Cells were incubated in a mixture of IL-610 pM and varying concentrations of either antibody 020 or IL-6Ra (Cell Sciences, Canton, MA), with or without 50 nM IL-6Ra. After 20-24 hours of incubation, 20 µl of cell culture supernatant was mixed with 180 µl of QuantiBlue ™ substrate (InvivoGen) and incubated for one hour; then the absorbance at 655 nm was measured. Figure 3A and Figure 3B show the data from these experiments, demonstrating the ability of 020 to inhibit IL-6 activity in the presence or absence of IL-6R. Example 8: IgG2 antibodies against IL-6
[0482] 018 was reformatted into a human IgG2 isotype framework region to reduce FcyR binding and reduce CCDA compared to IgG1 formatted antibody using methods known in the art. Furthermore, reformatting 018 to a full-length format, eg, an IgG2, is expected to decrease the rate of clearance from the vitreous due to the larger size of the molecule.
[0483] Construction / purification of anti-IL6 IgG2 antibodies
[0484] To construct human IgG2 antibodies using the anti-IL-6 sequences described above, a constant domain of human IgG2 was amplified by PCR from cDNA with NheI and MluI restriction sites at the N and C-termini, respectively. The PCR product was purified, digested with restriction enzymes NheI and MluI, and then ligated into the vector pTT5 containing the anti-IL6 variable domain, ie, SEQ ID NO: 1 (see above). This produced a full-length IgG2 heavy chain sequence. Plasmids containing the full length light chain containing sequence 018 were used to provide the light chain.
[0485] To further reduce FcRn binding and thereby reduce IL-6a recycling, point mutations were made in the heavy chain. Mutations were made by QuikChange® mutagenesis (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). The heavy and light chain plasmids were transfected together using poly (ethyleneimine) (PEI) in 100 ml transient cultures of HEK293-6E cells and cultured to allow expression for approximately five days. This generated antibodies containing an anti-IL-6 site II binding moiety and IgG2 structure. Such 018 CDR-containing structures are referred to herein as 018IgG2 or 029. Point mutations were made at residues 1253.
[0486] The IgG2 molecule was well expressed and blocks IL-6 in cell assays with slightly improved potency compared to Fab 020.
[0487] 029 mature sequences (CDR underlined)
[0488] 029 heavy chain
[0489] QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGSSVKV SCKASGYALS NYLIEWVROA PGQGLEWMGV ITPGSGTINY AQKFQGRVTI TADESTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYY CARSR
[0490] WDPLYY AND ALE YWGOGTTVTV SSASTKGPSV FPLAPCSRST SESTAALGCL
[0491] VKDYFPEPVT VSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSV VTVPSSNFGT QTYTCNYDHK PSNTKVDKTV ERKCCVECPP CPAPPVAGPS VFLFPPKPKD TLMISRTPEV TCVWDVSHE DPEVQFNWYV DGVEVHNAKT KPREEQFNST FRW SV LTW HQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKGLP APIEKTISKT KGQPREPQVY TLPPSREEMT KNQYSLTCLY KGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPMLD SDGSFFLYSK LTVDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMH EALHNHYTQK SLSLSPGK (SEQ ID
[0492] NO: 11)
[0494] 029 light chain
[0495] DIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCRASESVD NYGIPFMNWY QQKPGQPPKL LIYAASNRGS GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTIS SLQAEDVAVY YCOOSEEVPL TFGQGTKLEI KRTVAAPSVF IFPPSDEQLK SGTASWCLL NNFYPREAKV QWKVDNALQS GNSQESVTEQ DSKDSTYSLS STLTLSKADY EKHKVYACEV THQGLSSPVT KSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 12)
[0497] Altered binding to FcRn
[0498] IL-6 can have certain positive systemic effects. Therefore, it is an advantage to engineer an IL-6a that has good retention in the vitreous but has a limited systemic half-life. Reduction or elimination of FcRn binding should reduce the systemic accumulation of any drug that escapes into the circulation, thus improving the safety of an IL-6a.
[0499] Consequently, because FcRn-mediated trafficking can increase antibody efflux from the eye, IgG2020 was further modified to eliminate FcRn binding by introducing Fc mutations at residues 1254, H311, or H436 (see SEQ ID NO: 23), numbering according to Martin et al., Molecular Cell, 7: 4, 867-877 (2001)). Mutated sites are shown in bold in SEQ ID NO: 23; 1254 mutated to R, H311 mutated to E, H311 mutated to N with D 313 mutated to T, and H436 mutated to (numbering begins after the leader sequence, which is underlined in SEQ ID NO: 23. IL-6 antagonists containing such sequences are designated 018IgG2m.
[0500] Anti-IL-6 antibody heavy chain (IgG2) (normal font: VH; italic font: CH) (no leader sequence) showing mutation sites (bold)
[0501] QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGSSVKV SCKASGYALS NYLIEWVRQA PGQGLEWMGV ITPGSGTINY AQKFQGRVTI TADESTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCARSR WDPLYYYALE YWGQGTTVTV SSASTKGPSV FPLAPCSRST SESTAALGCL VKDYFPEPVT VSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSV VTVPSSNFGT QTYTCNVDHK PSNTKVDKTV ERKCCVECPP CPAPPVAGPS VFLFPPKPKD TLMISRTPEV TCVWDVSHE DPEVQFNWYV DGVEVHNAKT KPREEQFNST FRW SVLTW HQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKGLP APIEKTISKTKGQPREPQW TLPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPMLD SDGSFFLYSK LTVDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMH EALHNHYTQK SLSLSPGK (SEQ ID NO: 23 )
[0503] Anti-IL-6 antibody heavy chain (IgG2) (normal font: VH; italic font: CH) with leader sequence (underlined) showing mutation sites (bold)
[0504] MDWTWRILFLVAAATGAHSOVOLVOSGAE VKKPGSSVKV SCKASGYALS
[0505] NYLIEWVRQA PGQGLEWMGVITPGSGTINY AQKFQGRVTITADESTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCARSR WDPLYYYALE YWGQGTTVTV SSASTKGPSV FPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCL VKDYFPEPVT VSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSV VTVPSSNFGT QTYTCNVDHK PSNTKVDKTV ERKCCVECPP CPAPPVAGPS VFLFPPKPKD TLMISRTPEV TCVWDVSHE DPEVQFNWYV DGVEVHNAKT KPREEQFNST FRVVSVLTVV HQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKGLP APIEKTISKT KGQPREPQVY TLPPSREEMT KNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAVEWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPMLD SDGSFFLYSK LTVDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMH EALHNHYTQK SLSLSPGK (SEQ ID NO: 28)
[0507] Accordingly, some embodiments include an antibody having the heavy chain sequence depicted in SEQ ID NO: 23 with mutations at 1254 (eg A or R), H311 (mutated to A or E), H436 (mutated to A) or D313 (mutated to T) with H311 mutated to N.
[0508] Thus, SEQ ID NO: 25 provides a sequence that when mutated at 1133 (eg I133A or I133R), H190 (eg H190A or H190E), H315 (eg H315A) or D192 with H190 (eg , D192T with H190N) can be used in an antibody, fragment, or derivative thereof to produce a polypeptide having reduced Fc binding at low pH, eg, pH 5.5 or lysosomal pH, and / or a polypeptide having a half-life reduced systemic compared to an original or a reference molecule that does not include the sequence. SASTKGPSV FPLAPCSRST SESTAALGCL VKDYFPEPVT VSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSV VTVPSSNFGT QTYTCNVDHK PSNTKVDKTV ERKCCVECPP CPAPPVAGPS VFLFPPKPKD TLMISRTPEV TCVWDVSHE DPEVQFNWYV DGVEVHNAKT KPREEQFNST FRW SV LTW HQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKGLP APIEKTISKT KGQPREPQW TLPPSREEMT KNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPMLD SDGSFFLYSK LTVDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMH EALHNHYTQK SLSLSPGK (SEQ ID NO: 25)
[0510] Light chain of anti-IL-6 (IgG2) (normal source: VK; italic font: CK) DIVMTQSPDSLAVSLGERATINCRASESVDNYGIPFMNWYQQKPGQPPKLLIYAASNRG SGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVYYCQQSEEVPLTFGQGTKLEIKR7VMF SVF IFPPSDEQLK SGTASVVCLL NNFYPREAKV QWKVDNALQS GNSQESVTEQ DSKDSTYSLS STLTLSKADYEKHKVYACEV THQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC (SEQ IDNO: 22)
[0512] Example 9: formulation stability
[0513] The stability of the anti-IL-6 / IgG1 Fab fragment (containing the IgG1CH1 domain) was tested by determining Tf initially in PBS then in a range of buffers and excipients using differential scanning fluorimetry. Citrate buffer, pH 5.5 was found to increase Tm above 80 ° C. Accordingly, in some embodiments, IL-6a is provided in citrate buffer and in some cases has a Tm of at least 80 ° C.
[0514] Aggregation was tested using SEC-MALS and no aggregation was observed at 20 mg / ml in phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
[0515] Example 10: pH-sensitive antibodies to enhanced PK
[0516] IL-6 can have certain positive systemic effects. Therefore, it is an advantage to design an IL-6a that has good retention in vitreous but has a limited systemic half-life. Reduction or elimination of FcRn binding should reduce the systemic accumulation of any drug that escapes into the circulation, thus improving the safety of an IL-6a. Consequently, because FcRn-mediated trafficking can increase antibody efflux from the eye, IgG2020 was further modified to eliminate binding to FcRn by introduction of Fc mutations at residues 1253, H310 or H435 (numbering according to Martin et al. (Molecular Cell, 7: 4,867-877 (2001))). Such antibodies are referred to herein as IL-6pH or anti-IL-6pH antibodies and are further described below.
[0517] Generation of pH-sensitive binding antibodies
[0518] The pKa of histidine is approximately 6.0 and histidines inserted at the binding interface can disrupt binding at low pH side chain protonation. Using an antibody directed against anti-IL-6 site II as described herein, a library containing histidine-rich variants of CDR 018 was generated and the library was selected for pH-sensitive binding using visualization yeast. The library generated was a combinatorial library with degenerate codons encoded CDRs such that each residue is either a wild-type residue (ie, the same as in the parent antibody) or a histidine residue. The selection was made alternating the classification of high binding to physiological pH (7.4) and low binding to endosomal pH (5.5).
[0519] A selected yeast mutant was identified that had relatively high binding at pH 7.4 (407 pM monovalent Kd for the mutant compared to 192 pM for the parent molecule) and relatively low binding at pH 5.5 (monovalent Kd 2,362 nM for the mutant compared to 195 pM for the original). This constitutes an approximately 5.8 fold change in affinity at pH 5.5. This mutant contained multiple histidine mutations in the CDR1 light chain. Thus, the mutant demonstrated similar binding to the parent molecule at pH 7.4 and a significant loss of affinity at pH 5.5. This observation was verified by ELISA, FACS and SPR analysis by methods known in the art.
[0520] These data demonstrate that an IL-6a can be created that is based on an antibody that has the characteristics of an anti-IL-6 antibody that targets IL-6 site II that can be used to inhibit both cis and activity. in IL-6 trans, and have increased PK compared to a parent antibody or another antibody having a wild-type Fc domain effected at least in part by altered binding at pH 5.5.
[0521] Example 11: efficacy of local IL-6 blockade in a mouse choroidal neovascularization (CNV) laser model
[0522] To determine if local blocking of IL-6 can be effective in treating eye disease, for example diabetic macular edema (DME) or wet AMD, an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody was administered locally in a model system for neovascularization. choroidal. The laser-induced CNV model as described in Saishin et al. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 195: 241-248 (2003) was used in this example. A laser-induced model of CNV reproduces many of the pathological processes underlying diabetic macular edema (DME), including inflammation and angiogenesis.
[0523] A mouse anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody (MP5-20F3, which is an antibody of the rat IgG1 isotype purchased from Bio X Cell, catalog number BE0046) was administered to the test group by intravitreal injection (IVT). Controls received an intravitreal trap injection of VEGF or an intravitreal injection of an anti-HRP isotype control antibody (a rat IgG1 against horseradish peroxidase, clone HRPN, purchased from BioXCell; catalog number BE0088). For all antibody groups, 20 µg of protein in a volume of 1 µl was injected into the test eye, while the contralateral eye was left untreated as an additional control.
[0524] Mice were sacrificed on day 7 post-laser and the choroidal flat supports were stained with Griffonia simplicifolia lectin (GSA) to measure the area of the lesion. Figure 4 shows the results. The group treated with anti-IL-6 antibody showed a statistically significant reduction in neovascularization compared to the group treated with control antibody (p <0.05). On average, the anti-IL-6 antibody treated group also showed reduced neovascularization compared to the anti-VEGF positive control.
[0525] These data demonstrate that an IL-6a, eg, an anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody, administered IVT can significantly reduce neovascularization in a mouse model of CNV. The results further suggest that an anti-IL-6 antibody may produce a reduction in neovascularization at least as great, and possibly greater, than an anti-VEGF antibody. These data indicate that local inhibition of IL-6 is useful for treating eye diseases such as diseases involving vascular effusion, for example wet AMD or macular edema, for example diabetic macular edema.
[0526] Example 12: development of an improved IL-6 antibody
[0527] Variants of the EBI-029 antibody were generated. To better characterize the contribution of the A28V, S30P, 151T, and S55G mutations, specific combinations were introduced into the wild-type Fab EBI-029 display vector and binding was measured. Results are shown in Figure 5. After overnight competition with IL-62 | iM, all mutants had significantly higher levels of biotinylated IL-6 remaining on their cell surface relative to visualization compared to the wild-type Fab EBI-029. The affinity ranking order from highest to lowest was A28V / S30P / I51T / S55G> A28V / I51T / S55G> S30P / I51T / S55G> I51T / S55G> wild type. The A28V / S30P / I51T / S55G quadruple mutation is also referred to herein as EBI-030.
[0528] The sequences of EBI-030 are shown below.
[0529] 030 CDR sequences:
[0530] 030HC CDR1 (030 VH CDR1): GYVLPNILIE (SEQ ID NO: 31)
[0531] 030HC CDR2 (030 VH CDR2): VTTPGGGTIN (SEQ ID NO: 32)
[0532] 030HC CDR3 (030 VH CDR3): SRWDPLYYYALEY (SEQ ID NO: 33)
[0533] CDR1 of 030LC (CDR1 of VL 030): RASESVDNYGIPFMN (SEQ ID NO: 34)
[0534] CDR2 of 030LC (CDR2 of VL of 030): AASNRGS (SEQ ID NO: 35)
[0535] CDR3 of 030LC (CDR3 of VL of 030): QQSEEVPLT (SEQ ID NO: 36)
[0536] 030 Heavy Chain Variable Region Sequence (Mutations Relating to 029 Shown in Bold): QYQLYQSGAE VKKPGSSVKV SCKASGYVLP NYLIEWVROA PGQGLEWMGV TTPGGGTINY AQKFQCARVTI TADESTSTAY WELSOGYLQTVTI TADESTSTAED MELSOGYLTTV 37 TAVPLYLYRSTVTI TADESTSTAY WELSOGYQALETV
[0537] 030 light chain variable region sequence:
[0538] DIVMTOSPDSLAVSLGERATINCRASESVDNYGIPFMNWYOOKPGOPPKLLIYAASNRG SGVPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLOAEDVAVYYCOOSEEVPLTFGOGTKLEIKRTV (SEO
[0539] ID NO: 38)
[0540] 030 Fab Heavy Chain (IgG1) Polypeptide Sequence (CDRs underlined, mutations relative to 029 shown in bold):
[0541] QVQFVQSGAE VKKPGSSVKV SCKASGYVFP NYLIEWVROA PGQGLEWMGV TTPGGGTINY AQKFQGRVTI TADESTSTAY MEESSERSED TAVYYCARSR WDPLYYYALE YWGOGTTVTV SSASTKGPSV FPLAPSSKST SGGTAALGCL VKDYFPEPVT VSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSV VTVPSSSLGT QTYICNVNHK PSNTKVDKKV EPKSCDKTHT (SEQ ID NO: 39)
[0542] In embodiments, the sequence of DKTHT (SEQ ID NO: 30) at the carboxyl-terminus of SEQ ID NO: 39 is not included in the Fab sequence.
[0543] Fab 030 heavy chain nucleic acid sequence:
[0544] CAAGTGCAGCTGGTGCAGTCAGGGGCCGAGGTTAAGAAGCCAGGGAGCAGCGTCAA
[0545] GGTATCTTGTAAAGCGTCTGGTTACGTCCTTCCAAACTACCTGATCGAATGGGTGAG GCAGGCTCCCGGCCAAGGCCTGGAATGGATGGGAGTTACCACCCCTGGGGGCGGCA CCATTAATTACGCCCAGAAATTTCAGGGACGAGTGACGATTACCGCCGACGAGTCC ACC AGT ACT STAG AC ATGG AGCT GT CCT C ACT CCGC AGCG AGG AC ACGGC AGTTT AC TACT GCGCCCGGAGT CGAT GGG ACCCT CTTT ACTATT ATGCT CT GGAAT ACT GGGGC C AGGG AACG ACCGTT AC AGT GT C AT CT GCT AGC AC AAAAGG ACC AT C AGT CTTCCC ACTT GCTCCTT C AT CT AAG AGC ACAAGTGGTGGC ACT GC AGCCCTT GGCTGC CT GGT GAAAGATT ATTTCCCCGAACCT GTTAC AGTTTCTT GGAACT CCGGT GCACT GACATC CGG AGT ACACACTTTCCC AGCT AGCT GGCT CTGT GGT GAAAGATT ATTTCCCCGAACCT GTTAC AGTTTCTT GGAACT CCGGT GCACT GACATC CGG AGT ACACACTTTCCC AGCT AGCT GTT GCT CTGT GTC ACT GTTC AGCT CCT GCT GTG AC AC AG AC AT AT ATTT GC AACGT CAA TCACAAGCCCTCCAACACAAAAGTGGATAAGAAGGTCGAGCCCAAATCTTGTGACA AAACACACACA (SEQ ID NO: 40)
[0547] 030 can also be produced as an IgG2 Fab heavy chain polypeptide sequence:
[0548] Q and QL and Q G S S AE VKKPGS YKY S CKAS GY VLPNYLIE WVRQ APGQGLE WMG VTTPGGGTI NYAQKFQGRVTITADESTSTAYMELSSLRSEDTAVYYCARSRWDPLYYYALEYWGQGT TVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAPCSRSTSESTAALGCLVKDYFPEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTFP AVLQ S S S W T GLY SLS VP S SNF GTQTYT CN VDHKP SNTKVDKT VERK
[0549] (SEQ ID NO: 54)
[0551] Example 13: expression and purification of variant Fab fragments
[0553] The VH domain inserts containing the following mutant combinations, A28V / I51T / S55G, S30P / I51T / S55G and A28V / S30P / I51T / S55G (EBI-030), were generated from the yeast display vectors by double digestion with BamHI-HF / NheI-HF. The inserts were purified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and ligated into a mammalian expression vector derived from pTT5 containing a leader sequence, a human IgG1 CH1 domain, and a C-terminal His tag. Transformants were selected in LB-Amp, miniprepted, and inserts confirmed by sequencing. Transient transfections were performed in HEK-6E (Canadian Research Council) cells for each mutant Fab heavy chain paired with the wild-type Bi-029 e light chain (disclosed herein as SEQ Id NO: 12) using PEI as a transfection reagent. The wild-type Fab from EBI-029 was also expressed as a control (the wild-type Fab heavy chain is disclosed herein as SEQ ID NO: 24). The supernatants were collected after 5 days and the expressed Fabs were purified by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA agarose (Life Technologies). The purified protein was buffer exchanged in PBS, pH 7.4 by several rounds of concentration / dilution and the concentration and purity of proteins was determined by absorbance 280 and SDS-PAGE.
[0555] Example 14: variant antibodies showed improved binding as assessed using surface plasmon resonance
[0557] The affinities of the variant Fab 029 molecules for IL-6 were measured by surface plasmon resonance (RPS) on a Reichert SR7000Dc spectrometer. Human IL-6 was immobilized at 20 pg / ml in 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5 on a 500 kDa carboxymethyldextran chip via conventional amine coupling. Serial dilutions of each Fab molecule were injected in 10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.3 at 25 ° C with a flow rate of 25 µl / min. After 4 minutes, loading was stopped and dissociation was measured by flowing transfer buffer (10 mM HEPES, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.3) for 5 minutes. Sensorgram traces poorly fit a 1: 1 binding pattern, possibly due to mixed orientations of IL-6 on the chip or non-specific antibody binding. Instead, the curves were fitted to 2 species (low affinity and high affinity species, labeled "low affinity" and "high affinity" in Table 3) using TraceDrawer software where ka1, kd1 and KD1 are the association rate , the dissociation rate and the equilibrium binding constant for the low-affinity species, and ka2, kd2, and KD2 are the association rate, the dissociation rate, and the equilibrium binding constant for the high-affinity species. All mutant Fabs had a dissociation significantly slower compared to the wild-type EBI-029 Fab with the following sort order from highest to lowest affinity: A28V / S30P / I51T / S55G (EBI-030)> S30P / I51T / S55G> A28V / I51T / S55G> wild type (EBI-029).
[0558] Table 3: RPS results for mutant antibodies
[0562] Example 15: Variant Antibodies Show Enhanced Antagonistic Potency in IL6 HEK-Blue ™ Indicator Cells
[0563] The IL6 reporter cell line HEK-Blue ™ (Invivogen) was used to compare the potency of IL6 signaling inhibition between different EBI-029 mutant Fab fragments. IL6 HEK-Blue ™ cells are a modified HEK293 line stably expressing the IL-6R gene and containing a reporter gene for alkaline phosphatase secreted under the control of the IFNp minimal promoter fused to four STAT3 binding sites. To measure IL6 antagonism, 10 µl of 400 pM human IL-6 (R&D Systems 206-IL-010 / CF) was mixed with 10 µl of each Fab variant in a range of concentrations in a 96-well plate and incubated at RT for 30 minutes. IL6 HEK-Blue ™ cells in log phase were trypsinized and resuspended in assay medium (DMEM, glucose 4.5 g / L, 10% heat inactivated FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, Pen-Step) at 280,000 cells / ml. 180 µl of cell suspension was added to each well of IL-6 / Fab mixtures to bring the final concentration of IL-6 to 20 µM. The cells were incubated at 37 ° C / 5% CO ² for 20 hours. 20 µl of supernatant from each well was then mixed with 180 µl of Quanti-Blue ™ reagent (Invivogen) and incubated at 37 ° C for 40 minutes before absorbance at 650 nM in a SpectraMax M5 plate reader. The background signal from wells without IL-6 is subtracted and then divided among cells treated with IL-6 without inhibitor to obtain a fractional signaling value. All mutants showed significantly higher potency compared to the wild-type EBI-029 Fab with the antagonist potency ranking order as follows: A28V / S30P / I51T / S55G (EBI-030)> A28V / I51T / S55G> S30P / I51T / S55G> wild type (EBI-029). These results are shown in Figure 6.
[0564] Example 16: variant antibodies showed improved antagonist potency in the T1165 proliferation assay
[0565] T1165.85.2.1 cells (R&D Systems) are a murine plasmacytoma cell line that proliferates in response to mouse, rat, or human IL-6. To measure antagonism of EBI-029 Fab mutants, 25 µl of 2 ng / ml human IL-6 (R&D Systems 206-IL-010 / CF) was mixed with 25 µl of each Fab variant in a range of concentrations in a 96-well plate and incubated at RT for 30 minutes. The log phase T1165 cells were pelleted and resuspended in assay medium (90% RPMI 1640, 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, Pen-Strep) at 2x10 5 cells / ml. 50 µl of cell suspension was added to each well of IL-6 / Fab mixtures to bring the final concentration of IL-6 to 0.5 ng / ml. The cells were incubated at 37 ° C / 5% CO2 for 72 hours. 100 pL of Cell-Titer Glo® reagent (Promega) was added to each well and incubated at RT for 10 minutes. Luminescence was measured on a SpectraMax M5 plate reader. All mutants showed significantly higher potency compared to wild-type EBI-029 Fab with no measurable IL-6 signaling over the range of Fab concentrations tested (see Figure 7).
[0566] Example 17: comparison of drug-like properties of variant antibodies
[0567] The thermal stability of each Fab variant was determined by differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF). 2 µl of 2.5 or 5 mg / ml protein were mixed with 18 µl PBS and 2 µl Sypro Orange 50x in a BioRad 96-well PCR plate. The plate was run on a BioRad CFX96 RT-PCR system with a linear temperature rise of 25 ° C and 95 ° C and fluorescence was measured over time. The Tf was calculated as the lowest point of the first derivative of the melting curve. All variants had measured Tf values between 76 and 78 ° C, consistent with the measured Tf of the wild-type EBI-029 Fab at 76 ° C.
[0568] To measure aggregation, samples were evaluated by SEC-MALS using an Agilent 1260 HPLC combined with a Wyatt miniDawn TREOS light scattering instrument and an index instrument of Wyatt Optilab rEX refraction. 20-100 pg of protein were injected and run at a flow rate of 1 ml / min. All variants had molecular weights between 45,000 and 52,000 Da, measured by light scattering, consistent with the wild-type EBI-029 Fab.
[0569] These results indicate that EBI-030 performs similarly well compared to EBI-029 in terms of its drug-like properties.
[0570] Example 18: production of full-length IgG2 antibodies EBI-029 and EBI-030 and IgG2 antibodies with mutant Fc domains
[0571] Reformatting of EBI-029 and EBI-030 to IgG2 and Fc IgG2 mutant
[0572] The EBI-029 and EBI-030 heavy chain variable domains, including the leader sequence (MDWTWRILFLVAAATGAHS; SEQ ID NO: 49) were PCR amplified from the Fab vectors using primers that introduced an N-terminal EcoRI site and a C-terminal NheI site. The PCR products were purified on a 1% agarose gel and double digested with EcoRI-HF and NheI-HF. Backbone vectors based on pTT5 that contain the wild-type IgG2 heavy chain sequence or a variant IgG2 domain with an H311A mutation (H311 corresponds to the numbering in SEQ ID NO: 41; this corresponds to H310 in the numbering provided in Martin et al., Molecular Cell, 7: 4, 867-877 (2001)) were similarly digested with EcoRI-FH / NheI-HF and purified on a 1% agarose gel. The inserts were ligated to the digested backbone using the enzyme Quikligase (New England Biolabs), transformed into TOP10 cells (Life Technologies) and selected in LB-Amp. Clones were miniprepted and sequenced to confirm the insert. The H311A mutation was selected to reduce the binding affinity of Fc for FcRn in order to reduce the systemic accumulation of molecules that escape from ocular tissue.
[0573] Expression and purification of IgG2 variants by transient transfection
[0574] EBI-029 IgG2, EBI-029-H311A IgG2, EBI-030 IgG2, and EBI-030 IgG2-H311A were expressed by transient transfection into HEK-6E cells. The pTT5 vectors containing each heavy chain were co-transfected with the LC plasmid from EBI-029 using PEI as a transfection reagent. The supernatants were collected after 5 days and the expressed IgG2 molecules were purified by affinity chromatography using agarose-protein-A. The purified protein was buffer exchanged in PBS, pH 7.4 by several rounds of concentration / dilution and the concentration and purity of proteins was determined by absorbance 280 and SDS-PAGE.
[0575] CHO stable reserve production
[0576] Stable CHO pools producing EBI-029 IgG2, EBI-030 IgG2, or EBI-030 IgG2-H311A were generated using the Freedom CHO-S kit (Life Technologies) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, each heavy chain was cloned by standard digestion / ligation into the pCHO 1.0 vector in combination with the EBI-029 LC. Constructs were transfected into CHO-S cells using Freestyle MAX reagent and stable pools were selected with increasing concentrations of puromycin and MTX. After two rounds of selection, the pools were selected for antibody production by protein A analytical chromatography and the highest producers were selected for scaling up and subcloning. The sequences are presented below.
[0577] 030 heavy chain polypeptide sequence (in IgG2 framework region, CDRs underlined):
[0578] QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGSSVKV SCKASGYVLP NYLIEWVROA PGQGLEWMGV TTPGGGTINY AQKFQGRYTI TADESTSTAY MELSSLRSED TAVYYCARSR WDPLYYYALE YWGOGTTVTV SSASTKGPSV FPLAPCSRST SESTAALGCL VKDYFPEPVT VSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSV VTVPSSNFGT QTYTCNVDHK PSNTKVDKTV ERKCCVECPP CPAPPYAGPS VFLFPPKPKD TLMISRTPEV TCVWDVSHE DPEVQFNWYV DGVEVHNAKT KPREEQFNST FRW SV LTW HQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKGLP APIEKTISKT KGQPREPQVY TLPPSREEMT KNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPMLD SDGSFFLYSK LTVDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMH EALHNHYTQK SLSLSPGK (SEQ ID
[0579] NO: 41)
[0580] Polypeptide sequence light chain of 030 (in framework region of IgG2, CDRs underlined): DIYMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCRASESVD NYGIPFMNWY QQKPGQPPKL LIYAASNRGS GYPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTIS SLQAEDVAVY YCOOSEEVPL TFGQGTKLEI KRTVAAPSVF IFPPSDEQFK SGTASWCFF NNFYPREAKV QWKVDNALQS GNSQESVTEQ DSKDSTYSFS STFTFSKADY EKHKVYACEV THQGFSSPVT KSFNRGEC (SEQ ID NO: 42)
[0582] 030 Heavy Chain Nucleic Acid Sequence:
[0583] CAAGT GC AGCT GGT GC AGT C AGGGGCCG AGGTTAAG AAGCC AGGG AGC AGCGT CAA GGTATCTTGTAAAGCGTCTGGTTACGTCCTTCCAAACTACCTGATCGAATGGGTGAG GCAGGCTCCCGGCCAAGGCCTGGAATGGATGGGAGTTACCACCCCTGGGGGCGGCA CCATTAATTACGCCCAGAAATTTCAGGGACGAGTGACGATTACCGCCGACGAGTCC ACCAGTACTGCCTACATGGAGCTGTCCTCACTCCGCAGCGAGGACACGGCAGTTTAC TACT GCGCCCGGAGT CGAT GGG ACCCT CTTT ACTATT ATGCT CT GGAAT ACT GGGGC C AGGG AACG ACCGTT AC AGT GT C AT CT GCT AGC ACC AAGGGCCC ATCGGT CTTCCCC CT GGCGCCCT GCT CC AGGAGCACCTCCGAGAGCAC AGCGGCCCT GGGCTGCCT ACT GGT FACs ACTT CCCCGAACCGGT ACGGT GTCGT GG G A C AGGCGCT ACT ACC CT G A GGT GCGGCGTGCACACCTTCCCGGCTGTCCTACAGTCCTCAGGACTCTACTCCCTCAGCA GCGT GACCGT GCCCTCC AGCAACTTCGGCACCCAGACCT ACACCT GC AACGTAG ATCACAAGCCCAGCAACACCAAGGTGGACAAGACAGTTGAGCGCAAATGTTGTGTC GAGTGCCCACCGTGCCCAGCACCACCTGTGGCAGGACCGTCAGTCTTCCTCTTCCCC CCAAAACCCAAGGAC ACCCT CAT GAT GGT CTCCCGGACCCCTGAGGTC ACGT GCGT GGTGGACGTGAGCCACGAAGACCCCGAGGTCCAGTTCAACTGGTACGTGGACGGCG TGGAGGTGCATAATGCCAAGACAAAGCCACGGGAGGAGCAGTTCAACAGCACGTTC CGT G T GGT CAGCGT CCT CACCGTCGT GCACCAGGACTGGCT GAACGGCAAGG AGT A CAAGTGCAAGGTCTCCAACAAAGGCCTCCCAGCCCCCATCGAGAAAACCATCTCCA AAACCAAAGGGCAGCCCCGAGAACCACAGGTGTACACCCTGCCCCCATCCCGGGAG Gagat GACCAAGAACCAGGT CAGCCT GACCT GCCTGGT CAAAGGCTT CT CACS AG CGACATCGCCGTGGAGTGGGAGAGCAATGGGCAGCCGGAGAACAACTACAAGACC ACACCT CCCAT GCT GGACTCCGACGGCTCCTT CTTCCTCTAC AGCAAGCT CACCGTG G AC AAG AGC AGGT GGC AGC AGGGG AACGT CTT CT CAT GCTCCGT GAT GC AT G AGGC T CTGC AC AACC ACT AC ACGC AGAAG AGCCT CTCCCT GT CT CCGGGT AAA SEQ ID NO: 43
[0584] Light chain nucleic acid sequence of 030:
[0585] GACATAGT GATGACTCAAAGT CCGGAC AGCCT GGCGGT GT CACT CGGCGAACGGGC AACTATCAACTGCCGAGCCAGCGAGAGCGTCGATAATTACGGCATCCCCTTCATGA ACTGGTATCAGCAGAAGCCAGGACAGCCGCCCAAGCTGCTTATCTACGCCGCTTCCA ACCGGGGAT CAGGGGT GCCCGATCG ATTT AGT GGAAGCGGT AGT GGGACCGATTT C ACACTGACCATCAGCTCCCTTCAGGCCGAGGATGTGGCTGTCTATTATTGTCAGCAA T CCG AGGAAGT GCCGCT C ACGTTTGGT C AGGG A ACCAA ACT GG AG AT CA AGCGG AC CGTAGCGGCGCCTAGTGTCTTCATCTTCCCACCCTCCGACGAACAGCTGAAGTCTGG C ACT GCTTCCGT CGT GT GCCTGCT C AAC AACTTTT ACCCT AG AG AGGCAAAAGTT CA AT GGAAAGT AGACAAT GCCTTGCAGT CCGGGAACTCCCAGG AGT CT GT CAC AGAGC AGG AT AGT AAGG ACT C AACCT AC AGCCT GT CC AGC AC ACT G ACCCT CT CCAA AGCC GACTACGAGAAGCACAAAGTGTACGCTTGCGAAGTTACGCATCAGGGGCTGTCCTC ACCCGTTACAAAAAGTTQTA IDACTAGAG 44
[0587] 030 Heavy Chain Polypeptide Sequence with the H311A Mutation (311A is in bold and CDRs are underlined), also referred to herein as the 031 Heavy Chain Polypeptide Sequence: QVQLVQSGAE VKKPGSSVKV SCKASGYVLP NYLIEWVKROATQGYTPLV TAGSCARGTYVTWGTAVYTWGTAVTGTINYTTLVTGTINVKTLEDTYPTYGTTINVKTTYTVMTGTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTVTGTTTTTTTTTTTTTV And ALE AND WGOGTTVTV SSASTKGPSV FPLAPCSRST SESTAALGCL VKDYFPEPVT VSWNSGALTS GVHTFPAVLQ SSGLYSLSSV VTYPSSNFGT QTYTCNVDHK PSNTKVDKTV ERKCCVECPP CPAPPVAGPS VFLFPPKPKD TLMISRTPEV TCVW DVSHE DPEVQFNWYV DGVEVHNAKT KPREEQFNST FRWSVLTW AQDWLNGKEY KCKVSNKGLP APIEKTISKT KGQPREPQVY TLPPSREEMT KNQVSLTCLV KGFYPSDIAV EWESNGQPEN NYKTTPPMLD SDGSFFLYSK LTYDKSRWQQ GNVFSCSVMH EALHNHYTQK SLSLSPGK (SEQ ID
[0588] NO: 47)
[0590] 031 Heavy Chain Nucleic Acid Sequence:
[0591] AGT GGT GC AGCT CAAGTGC C AGGGGCCG AGGTT AAGAAGCC AGGG CAA AGC AGCGT GGTATCTTGTAAAGCGTCTGGTTACGTCCTTCCAAACTACCTGATCGAATGGGTGAG GCAGGCTCCCGGCCAAGGCCTGGAATGGATGGGAGTTACCACCCCTGGGGGCGGCA CCATTAATTACGCCCAGAAATTTCAGGGACGAGTGACGATTACCGCCGACGAGTCC ACCAGTACTGCCTACATGGAGCTGTCCTCACTCCGCAGCGAGGACACGGCAGTTTAC
[0592] TACT GCGCCCGGAGT CGAT GGG ACCCT CTTT ACTATT ATGCT CT GGAAT ACT GGGGC
[0593] C AGGG AACG ACCGTT AC AGT GT C AT CT GCT AGCACC AAGGGCCC ATCGGT CTTCCCC CT GGCGCCCT GCT CC AGGAGCACCTCCGAGAGCAC AGCGGCCCT GGGCTGCCT GGT CAAGG ACT ACTT CCCCGAACCGGT G ACGGGT CCGT CGT AGTC AGTC AGCT CCG ACCTC CCGT CCG CCCT CAGC A GCGT GGT GACCGT GCCCT CC AGCAACTTCGGCACCCAGACCT ACACCT GCAACGTAG ATCACAAGCCCAGCAACACCAAGGTGGACAAGACAGTTGAGCGCAAATGTTGTGTC GAGTGCCCACCGTGCCCAGCACCACCTGTGGCAGGACCGTCAGTCTTCCTCTTCCCC CCAAAACCCAAGGAC ACCCT CAT GAT CTCCCGGACCCCTGAGGTC ACGT GCGT GGT GGTGGACGTGAGCCACGAAGACCCCGAGGTCCAGTTCAACTGGTACGTGGACGGCG TGGAGGTGCATAATGCCAAGACAAAGCCACGGGAGGAGCAGTTCAACAGCACGTTC CGT GT GGT CAGCGT CCT CACCGTCGT GGCCC AGGACT GWOT GAACGGCAAGG AGTA CAAGTGCAAGGTCTCCAACAAAGGCCTCCCAGCCCCCATCGAGAAAACCATCTCCA AAACCAAAGGGCAGCCCCGAGAACCACAGGTGTACACCCTGCCCCCATCCCGGGAG Gagat GACCAAGAACCAGGT CAGCCT GACCT GCCTGGT CAAAGGCTTCTACCCCAG CGACATCGCCGTGGAGTGGGAGAGCAATGGGCAGCCGGAGAACAACTACAAGACC ACACCT CCCAT GCT GGACTCCGACGGCTCCTT CTTCCT CTAC AGCAAGCT CACCGTG G AC AAG AGC AGGT GGC AGC AGGGG AACGT CTT CT CAT GCTCCGT GAT GC AT G AGGC T CTGC AC AACC ACT AC ACGC AGAAG AGCCT CTCCCT GT CT CCGGGT A A A (SEQ ID
[0594] NO: 48)
[0595] Example 19: Potency Comparison of EBI-030 vs. IgG2 of EBI-029 in an IL6 HEK-Blue Assay
[0596] The IL6 reporter cell line HEK-Blue ™ (Invivogen) was used to compare the potency of IL6 signaling inhibition between EBI-029 and EBI-030 IgG2 antibodies. Three protein preparations purified from HEK-6E cells were compared: IgG2 from EBI-029, IgG2 from EBI-030, and IgG2-H311A from EBI-030 (also called 031 or EBI-031), along with an IgG2 preparation. of EBI-030 produced in a stable CHO reservoir. In addition, tocilizumab, an approved anti-IL6R antibody, was included as a control. To measure IL6 antagonism, human IL-6 (R&D Systems 206-IL-010 / CF) was mixed at 400 pM with varying concentrations of each antibody in a 96-well plate and incubated at RT for 30 minutes. IL6 HEK-Blue ™ cells in log phase were trypsinized and resuspended in assay medium (DMEM, glucose 4.5 g / L, 10% heat inactivated FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, Pen-Step) at 280,000 cells / ml. 180 µl of cell suspension was added to each well of IL-6 / Fab mixtures to bring the final concentration of IL-6 to 20 pM. The cells were incubated at 37 ° C / 5% CO ² for 20 hours Then 20 µl of supernatant from each well was mixed with 180 µl of Quanti-BlueTM reagent (Invivogen) and incubated at 37 ° C for 40 minutes before measuring absorbance at 650 nM on a SpectraMax M5 plate reader.
[0597] The results are shown in Figure 8 and Table 5. EBI-030 (including EBI-030 produced in HEK cells with or without the H311A mutation and EBI-030 produced in CHO cells) showed greatly improved potency (approximately a decrease 50-fold IC50 and> 100-fold decrease in IC90) compared to EBI-029. The increase in potency was greater than the increase in affinity measured by RPS. Table 5: IC50 and IC90 values
[0601] EBI-031 (also referred to herein as IgG2-H311A of EBI-030) had an IC50 more than 75 times lower than that of EBI-029 and an IC90 approximately 350 times lower than that of EBI-029. EBI-030 produced in HEK cells had an IC50 more than 50 times lower than that of EBI-029 and an IC90 approximately 4000 times lower than that of EBI-029.
[0602] Example 20: Increased Power Modeling Analysis on Duration of Vitreous IL-6 Blockade
[0603] The effect of increased potency on the extent and duration of IL-6 blockade after intravitreal administration was simulated using a pharmacokinetic model (Figure 9). Differential equations describing changes in free antibody (A), free IL-6 (IL), and antibody / IL-6 complex (AIL) were defined as follows:
[0604] d / dt (A) = -A * kae - A * IL * kl AIL * k2
[0605] d / dt (IL) = kpi - IL * kie - A * IL * kl ATL * k2
[0606] d / dt (AIL) = -AILAkaic A * IL * kl - AIL * k2
[0607] where kae is the rate of clearance of free antibodies from the vitreous, k1 is the rate of association for antibody / IL-6 binding, k2 is the rate of dissociation for the antibody / IL6 complex, kpi is the rate of IL production -6, kei is the free clearance rate of IL-6 from the vitreous, and kaie is the clearance rate of the antibody / IL-6 complex from the vitreous. The values of the starting parameters and the speeds were defined as shown in table 6.
[0608] Table 6: values of the starting parameters and speeds
[0612] A ⁰ was calculated based on the assumptions of a 50 µl dose of 50 mg / ml antibody in a human eye with a vitreous volume of 5 ml. IL ⁰ was estimated based on clinically measured values for vitreous IL-6 in DME patients of - 200 pg / ml. k1 was estimated based on typical antibody association rates of 1E5 M-1s-1, while k2 was varied to simulate potency values ranging from 100 pM to 1 pM. kae was derived from the vitreous clearance half-times measured in the -11 day rabbit scaled by 1.8 as previously measured for human PK. kie was estimated at 24 hour clearance half-time, and kpi was calculated as IL ⁰ * kie.
[0613] Free antibody and free IL-6 simulations were performed using Berkeley Madonna software over a time course of 300 days (Figure 10). A 95% IL-6 blocking limit was selected to measure the duration of inhibition. The model predicts that increasing antibody potency significantly extends the duration of IL-6 inhibition in the eye from 130 days for k2 / k1 = 100 pM to 200 days for k2 / k1 = 10 pM to 225 days for k2 / k1 = 1 pM.
[0614] Example 21: pharmacokinetics of IL-6a
[0615] PharmOptima (Portage, MI) performed pharmacokinetic (PK) experiments in male New Zealand white rabbits. All the animals were between 12 and 13 months old and weighed 2.61-3.42 kg. The following proteins were compared: EBI-029-IgG2 (SEQ ID NO: 11 and SEQ ID NO: 12), EBI-029-IgG2-H311A (SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO: 12), EBI-030 ( SEQ ID NO: 41 and SEQ ID NO: 42), EBI-030-IgG2-H311A (SEQ ID NO: 47 and SEQ ID NO: 42), EBI-029 Fab (SEQ ID NO: 24 and SeQ ID NO: 12), Eylea® (VEGF trap) and tocilizumab (TCZ; anti-IL6R antibody). All proteins were formulated at 13.8 mg / ml in p Bs, pH 7.4. EBI-029-IgG2, EBI-029-IgG2-H311A, EBI 030, EBI-030-IgG2-H311A, EBI-029 Fab, and tocilizumab do not bind to their target antigens in rabbit, whereas Eylea® binds to rabbit VEGF.
[0616] For intravitreal PK investigation, 9 animals were injected with 50 µl of test article into each eye. Before injection, lidocaine hydrochloride (2% injectable), 0.5% proparacaine, or 0.5% tetracaine was applied to the ocular surface. Injections were made into the mid vitreous with a BD 300 µl insulin syringe (31G x 5/16 inch needle) inserted through the dorsotemporal quadrant of the eye. For the investigation of systemic PK, 3 animals were injected with 100 µl of test article through the ear vein.
[0617] Serial blood samples were collected from 3 animals in both IVT and i.v. groups. at 0.083, 1, 4, 8, 24, 72, 168, 240 and 336 hours and were diluted 1: 1 with citrate-phosphate-dextrose solution and placed on ice. Plasma was collected by centrifugation of blood samples cooled at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes at 4 ° C and stored frozen at -80 ° C.
[0618] Ocular tissues were collected from both eyes from all animals in the IVT group at 0.25, 24, 168, and 336 hours post-dose. The animals were euthanized through an intravenous barbiturate overdose. To collect the aqueous humor, immediately after euthanasia, a needle syringe was inserted under the cornea and the aqueous humor was slowly withdrawn. The aqueous humor was transferred to a previously labeled tube and placed on dry ice or frozen at -80 ° C. To collect the vitreous, a small incision was made in the sclera of an enucleated eye using a scalpel and the vitreous was removed through the opening via a syringe. The sample was measured through the graduations on the syringe, transferred to a pre-labeled tube, and placed on dry ice or frozen at -80 ° C.
[0619] To collect the retina and choroid, a small cut was made with a scalpel in the sclera of an enucleated eye, parallel and flow velocity to the limbus. Scissors were used to continue the opening around the eyeball, separating it into two halves. The posterior balloon was positioned so that the inside was facing upwards. Using a knife, the retina was carefully collected from the balloon. After the retina was harvested from the balloon, the choroid was harvested in a similar manner from the remaining balloon. Both samples, separately, were transferred to pre-weighed and pre-labeled Precellys® tubes, weighed and placed on dry ice or frozen at -80 ° C. The retinal and choroidal tissues were diluted tenfold in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), homogenized, and stored at -80 ° C.
[0620] Protein concentrations in each tissue were evaluated by ELISA. For EBI-029-IgG2, EBI-029-IgG2-H311A, EBI-030, EBI-030-IgG2-H311A, and EBI-029 Fab, Costar half-volume plates were coated with 1 | ig / ml human IL-6 in PBS for 1 hour at RT. The wells were blocked with PBS containing 2% BSA, washed and then incubated with a range of dilutions for each sample using PBS rabbit plasma 5% Tween-20 0.05% as a diluent. A calibration curve using purified protein was also included on each plate. Samples were incubated at RT for 60 minutes and then washed three times with 300 µl PBS containing 0.05% Tween-20. Anti-kappa-HRP antibody (Genway Inc.) diluted 1: 10,000 in PBS, 1% BSA was then added, then 0.05% Tween-20 was added to each well and incubated for 30 minutes. The wells were washed as before, then 3,3 ', 5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) substrate was added and the signal was measured at 450 and 550 nm on a Spectramax plate reader. Protein concentrations were calculated based on the calibration curve using Softmax Pro 6 software. Each ELISA was repeated on at least 3 independent plates and the average half time was reported.
[0621] For tocilizumab, protein concentrations were determined by ELISA as above, except that anti-tocilizumab Fab (BioRad HCA252) was used as the capture reagent and anti-human IgG-Fc-HRP antibody (Sigma A0170) was used as detection antibody. Two different ELISA assays were used to measure free and total Eylea®. For free Eylea®, wells were coated with recombinant VEGF (R&D Systems) and bound protein was detected with anti-human IgG-Fc-HRP antibody (Sigma A0170). To measure total Eylea®, anti-human Fc antibody (Sigma 12136) was used for capture and anti-human IgG-CH2-HRP antibody (BioRad MCA647P) was used for detection. Each ELISA was repeated on at least 3 independent plates and the average half time was reported.
[0622] Summary of results
[0623] In most animals, strong antibody formation against the injected protein was observed at the 240 and 336 hour time points. Because this antibody formation can affect protein clearance or interfere with the ELISA, data analysis was limited to time points up to and including 168 hours. To determine intravitreal PK, all IgG2 proteins of EBI-029 and EBI-030 cleared significantly more slowly (T ^1/2 = 9.3, 9.0, 15.7 and 9.8 days for EBI-029, EBI-029-H311A, EBI-030 and EBI-030-H311A, respectively) compared to Eylea® (T ^1/2 = 6.3 days), tocilizumab (T ^1/2 = 4.8 days), or the Fab fragment of EBI-029 (T ^1/2 = 3.9 days) (Figure 11, Table 7). Similar trends were seen in the retina, choroid, and aqueous humor where EBI-030 and EBI-030-H311A accumulated at higher levels compared to Eylea® and tocilizumab (see Figure 12 and Figure 13). All proteins were detectable in plasma after IVT administration with EBI-029, EBI-030, and tocilizumab accumulating at levels significantly higher than Eylea® or EBI-030-H311A (see Figure 14). Similarly, Eylea® and EBI-030-H311A cleared more rapidly from plasma after iv administration, with the half-time of EBI-030-H311A approximately half that of wild-type IgG2 due to reduced binding to FcRn. (table 7).
[0625] Table 7: pharmacokinetic results
[0630] Example 22: solubility of EBI-031 at high concentrations
[0632] The purified EBI-031 was concentrated from 3 mg / ml to 142 mg / ml in PBS, pH 7.4 using an Amicon Ultra-15 spin concentrator. Pre and post concentration preparations were evaluated for aggregation by running on a Tosoh G3000SWXL 7.8x30 SEC column combined with a Wyatt miniDawn TREOS light scattering instrument and a Wyatt Optilab rEX refractive index instrument. 20 µg of protein was injected and run at a flow rate of 1 ml / min in PBS. The mass fraction for the peak at the expected molecular weight of ~ 150 kDa was approximately the same for the two concentrations (90.9% for the 3 mg / ml preparation and 91.3% for the 142 mg / ml preparation ) indicating that there was no significant increase in protein aggregation during concentration. These results demonstrate that EBI-031 can be concentrated up to 142 mg / ml with little measurable aggregation (<10% aggregation).
[0634] Example 23: EBI-031 blocks IL6 signaling in cis and trans
[0636] The IL6 reporter cell line HEK-Blue ™ (Invivogen) was used to compare the potency of EBI-031 and tocilizumab to block IL6 signaling in cis and trans. For cis signaling, free IL-6 (final concentration = 20 pM) was mixed with EBI-031 or tocilizumab in a range of concentrations in a 96-well plate and incubated at RT for 30 minutes. IL6 HEK-Blue ™ cells in log phase were trypsinized and resuspended in assay medium (DMEM, glucose 4.5 g / L, 10% heat inactivated FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, Pen-Step) and 50,000 cells were added to each well. in a final volume of 200 | il. The plates were incubated at 37 ° C / 5% CO ² for 20 hours. Then 50 µl of supernatant from each well was mixed with 150 µl of Quanti-Blue ™ reagent (Invivogen) and incubated at 37 ° C for 40 minutes before absorbance was measured at 650 nM on a SpectraMax M5 plate reader. The background signal from wells without IL-6 is subtracted and then divided among cells treated with IL-6 without inhibitor to obtain a fractional signaling value. EBI-031 (IC50 = 14.2 pM) blocks free IL-6 with> 900-fold potency compared to tocilizumab (IC50 = 12.9 nM) (Figure 16A).
[0638] To measure blockage of trans signaling, the experiments were performed as above except that hyper IL-6 at a final concentration of 200 pM was used instead of free IL-6. Hyper IL-6 is a genetic fusion between IL-6 and the soluble IL-6 receptor (Fischer et al., Nature Biotechnology 15: 142-145 (1997) EBI-031 potently blocked hyper IL-6 (IC50 = 32 pM), while tocilizumab could not significantly inhibit signaling at a concentration of 1 µM (Figure 16B).
[0639] These results show that EBI-031 binds to human IL-6 at site II, or the gp130-contacting site, with pM affinity and blocks IL-6 signaling and the IL-6 / sIL-6Ra complex in cell assays> 900 times more potent than tocilizumab.
[0640] Example 24: Computational simulations for suppression of intravitreal EBI-031 from IL-6 signaling. Computational simulations were performed as described in Example 20 to predict the length of time that an intravitreal administration of EBI-031 in humans should suppress 95% of IL-6 signaling. k2 was adjusted to 0.12 d-1 so that k2 / k1 = 14 pM as measured in the power test. The T1 / 2 clearance was established at 18 days based on the intravitreal clearance half-time measured in rabbits scaled by 1.8 for humans. All other parameters are described in Table 6. The model predicts that EBI-031 should block 95% of IL-6 signaling for ~ 150 days after intravitreal administration (Figure 17). These modeling results indicate that EBI-031 can substantially block IL-6 signaling in the eye for a long period of time, eg, up to about 6 months.
[0641] Example 25: characterization of the soforms of EBI-031
[0642] EBI-031 is an IgG2 antibody. As previously discussed, IgG2 antibodies exist in three different structural isoforms, the IgG2-A, IgG2-B, and IgG2-A / B isoforms (Figure 18). In this example, experiments were performed to identify structural isoforms in EBI-031 samples.
[0643] RP-HPLC analysis
[0644] A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatograph (RP-HPLC) was used to resolve the various structural isoforms of EBI-031. An improved RP-HPLC analytical method that has previously been used to resolve disulfide-mediated structural isoforms of IgG2 (see, Dillon et al., Journal of Chromatography A, 2006, 1120: 112-120) was optimized to resolve EBI-031 .
[0645] Samples of EBI-031 containing approximately 30 pg were loaded onto a Zorbax 300SB-C8 column (150mm x 2.1mm, 5.0 pm, 300A). The column temperature was adjusted to 75 ° C. Mobile phase A was water containing 0.1% TFA, and mobile phase B was 55% IPA, 40% ACN, 4.9% water, and 0.1% TFA. The flow rate was 0.5 ml / min. The column was initially equilibrated with 90% mobile phase A and 10% mobile phase B for 2 minutes, followed by a 2 minute step gradient from 10 to 25% B. Elution was achieved with a gradient linear 25-32% B for 21 minutes. UV absorbance was monitored at 214 nm and / or 280 nm.
[0646] To determine if the resolution was disulfide related, the samples were treated with 5 mM DTT and 10 mM cysteine at room temperature for 2 minutes and then analyzed with the RP-HPLC method (Figure 19). Treatment with DTT, which is a potent reducing agent, causes reduction of the IgG2 antibody, resulting in elution at early peaks (peak 0 and peak 1) (Figure 19, middle panel). Treatment with cysteine, which is a milder reducing agent compared to DTT, also shifts the isoform distribution towards the early peaks (peak 0 and peak 1), although not to the extent observed with the DTT-treated sample (Figure 19, bottom panel).
[0647] The data demonstrate that the RP-HPLC method resolved structural isoforms with different disulfide connectivity. Different disulfide-binding structures were confirmed by non-reduced peptide mapping and mass spectrometry analysis: the early elution peak (peak 1) contains the IgG2-A / B isoform and the late elution peak (peak 2) contains the IgG2-A isoform. Importantly, IgG2-B isoform B (peak 0) was not detected in the EBI-031 sample (Figure 19, top panel).
[0648] Comparison of different EBI-031 samples
[0649] Using the RP-HPLC analysis described above, EBI-031 samples collected from different cell lines expressing EBI-031 were analyzed to compare the isoform distribution of the antibodies produced. EBI-031 samples were collected from a 200 µl scale culture of a clonal cell line, a 10 µl scale culture of a parental cell line, and a pool of stably transfected cells. EBI-031 was purified using a three-step chromatography method from clonal and parental cell lines expressing EBI-031. EBI-031 was purified from the pool of stably transfected cells using protein A purification. Samples were analyzed by the methods described above.
[0650] The results shown in Figure 20 show that all three EBI-031 samples contained IgG2-A and IgG2-A / B isoforms, but no substantial amount of IgG2-B. These data demonstrate that the EBI-031 IgG2 antibody is produced in a less heterogeneous mixture than other IgG2 antibodies, whether the production is from a clonal cell line that expresses EBI-031, a parental cell line that expresses EBI- 031 or a population heterogeneous cell that stably expresses EBI-031. Figure 21 shows the distribution of the isoforms of the EBI-031 sample from the 200 μl scale culture of a clonal cell line expressing EBI-031, for example, the upper panel of Figure 20. The areas were also measured under the curves, and the distributions between the isoforms are shown in the table below the figure.
[0651] Example 26: pharmacokinetics in primate studies
[0652] The pharmacokinetics of EBI-031 were investigated in primate studies. Two male African vervet monkeys were tested. 50pl of 50 mg / ml EBI-031 was injected intravitreally into the eye. Madonna software was used to fit the curves.
[0653] Data from the primate study were modeled using a curve fit. The differential equations describing the changes in the antibody in the vitreous (A) and the antibody outside the vitreous, eg systemic, (Ap) were defined as follows:
[0654] d / dt (A) = -A * kae
[0655] d / dt (Ap) = A * kae (Dil) - Ap * kape
[0656] The values of the starting parameters and speeds are defined as shown in the following table: Table 8: values of the starting parameters and speeds
[0660] Other considerations included for the fit include: dilution and both rate constants were proposed for the fit. The initial A was kept constant (2x50 ml of 50 mg / ml in a 5 ml eye). The modeling results as shown in Figures 22A, 22B and 23 showed that the vitreous removal rate constants resulted in half-lives of 4.6 and 5.7 days, respectively for the two monkeys. The average vitreous removal rate constant was calculated to be 5.2 days. Systemic clearance was modeled as 1.1 days and 0.63 days (average 0.85 days). These results demonstrate that the half-life of EBI-031 in the vitreous was significantly longer than the systemic half-life in primates.
[0661] Example 27: pharmacokinetics of EBI-031
[0662] Another pharmacokinetic (PK) experiment was performed, in which 50 µl of a 20 mg / ml solution of EBI-031 was injected intravitreally into the eyes of rabbits. The time points examined were 1, 3, 7, and 14 days (eg, 24, 72, 168, and 336 hours). Two animals (four eyes) were analyzed for each time point. Methods for administering the EBI-031 formulation, collecting ocular tissue and determining protein concentration were performed as described in Example 21.
[0663] The results are shown in Figures 24A-24I. When analyzing the protein concentration during days 1-14 in the vitreous humor, the half-life of EBI-031 was determined to be 8.95 days (Figure 24A). However, a strong antibody response was detected on day 14, which may affect these results. When the concentration of proteins was analyzed during days 1-7 in the vitreous humor, the half-life of EBI-031 was determined to be 18.88 days.
[0664] EBI-031 was also detected in other compartments of the eye after intravitreal injection. EBI-031 had also permeated the aqueous humor (Figure 24B), the choroid (Figure 24C), the conjunctiva (Figure 24D), the cornea (Figure 24E), the ciliary body (Figure 24F), the lens (Figure 24G), the retina (Figure 24H) and the sclera (Figure ²⁴ⁱ ). The drug concentration in these tissues was one to two orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations detected in the vitreous.
[0665] Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

权利要求:
Claims (21)
[1]
1. Antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising a heavy chain variable region comprising SEQ ID NO: 37 and a light chain variable region comprising SEQ ID NO: 38.
[2]
2. Antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 41 and a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42; or antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 41 and a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42 comprising a mutation (eg, 1, 2, 3 or 4 mutations) at one or more positions corresponding to H311, D313, I254 or ^h 436 (numbering as in SEQ ID NO: 41).
[3]
3. Fab comprising a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 39 or SEQ ID NO: 54 and a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42.
[4]
An antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 1, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has improved retention in the eye when administered intravitreally compared to tocilizumab and / or aflibercept.
[5]
5. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 1 and 4, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprises a mutation (eg, 1, 2, 3, or 4 mutations) in one or more Positions corresponding to H311, D313, I254 or ^h 436 (numbering as in SEQ ID NO: 41).
[6]
6. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to claim 2 or 5, wherein said mutation is selected from one or more of H311A, H311E, H311N, D313T, I254A, I254R and H436A.
[7]
7. Antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 2 and 5 to 6, wherein said mutation is an H311A mutation (numbering as in SEQ ID NO: 41).
[8]
8. Antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 2 and 5 to 7, wherein said mutation reduces the systemic accumulation of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment compared to the systemic accumulation of an antibody or fragment of antigen binding that does not comprise the mutation.
[9]
9. Antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 2 and 5 to 7, wherein said mutation reduces the systemic accumulation of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment compared to the systemic accumulation of an antibody or fragment of antigen-binding not comprising the mutation, wherein systemic accumulation is assessed after intravitreal administration of the antibody or antigen-binding fragment.
[10]
10. The antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment has a systemic half-life shorter than that of tocilizumab and / or aflibercept.
[11]
11. Antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the antibody or antigen-binding fragment is an IgG2-A isoform or an IgG2-A / B isoform, but not an IgG2 isoform -B.
[12]
12. Antibody or antigen-binding fragment comprising a heavy chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 47 and a light chain sequence comprising SEQ ID NO: 42.
[13]
Composition comprising the antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 1 to 12, and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[14]
Composition according to Claim 13, in which the composition comprises at least 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 or 99% of the IgG2-A or IgG2-A / B isoforms of the antibody, or a combination of them.
[15]
Composition according to claim 13 or 14, wherein the composition comprises less than 10%, 5%, 2%, 1% or 0.5% of the IgG2-B isoforms of the antibody.
[16]
Composition of any one of claims 13 to 15, or antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 1 to 12, for use in treating IL-6 associated disease.
[17]
17. Composition for use according to claim 16, or antibody or antigen-binding fragment for its use according to claim 16, for use in the treatment of an eye disease characterized by an elevated level of IL-6.
[18]
Composition of any one of claims 13 to 15 or antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 1 to 12, for use in the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME), diabetic retinopathy, dry eye (for example, dry eye disease or dry eye syndrome), allergic conjunctivitis, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), retinal vein occlusion (RVO), neuromyelitis optica (NMO), corneal transplant, corneal abrasion, or physical injury to the eye.
[19]
19. Nucleic acid comprising a sequence encoding an antibody or antigen-binding fragment according to any one of claims 1 to 12.
[20]
20. Vector comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 19.
[21]
21. Cell comprising the vector according to claim 20.

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UA122673C2|2020-12-28|

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AU2015342882B2|2021-05-20|

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HRP20191945T1|2020-01-24|

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SI3215530T1|2020-02-28|

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法律状态:

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US201462077105P| true| 2014-11-07|2014-11-07|

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US201462087448P| true| 2014-12-04|2014-12-04|

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US201562247705P| true| 2015-10-28|2015-10-28|

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---